DESAIN

PENELITIAN

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Riset
Riset Quantitative
Quantitative
Meningkat
• Descriptive Control
• Correlational
• Quasi-experimental
• Experimental

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Research
Research Design
• Definisi: Blueprint atau rencana
detail dalam melaksanakan penelitian
• Tujuan, Review of Literature, &
Framework/kerangka

Study Design
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Karakteristik
Karakteristik Desain
Desain
• Memaksimalkan control
meningkatkan validitas hasil.
• Membantu peneliti merencanakan
dan melaksanakan penelitian
• Tidak spesifik bagian dari langkah
penelitian tetapi berhubungan dengan
seluruh proses penelitian
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Konsep
Konsep Relevan
Relevan dg
dg Desain
Desain
• Causality: A B
Tekanan Ulkus
• Multicausality:
Merokok
Penyakit
Diet tinggi lemak
Jantung
Terbatas aktifitas

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Lanjutan….1
Lanjutan….1
• Probability: mengarah keakuratan
memprediksi kejadian
• Bias: Perbedaan temuan dari yang
sebenarnya
• Manipulation: Perlakuan atau
treatment

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Lanjutan…2
Lanjutan…2

• Control
• Bisa digunakan dalam desain
• Meningkatkan keakuratan temuan/hasil
• Kontrol derajatnya meningkat pada
quasi-experimental research
• Kontrol paling tinggi pada experimental
research

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Variasi
Variasi Kontrol
Kontrol dlm
dlm Penelitian
Penelitian

Quasi-experimental Experimental
Rendah Kontrol Tinggi kontrol

Jenis sampel yang dipilih:

Convenience ----------|--------> Random

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Variasi
Variasi Kontrol
Kontrol dlm
dlm Penelitian
Penelitian

Quasi-experimental Experimental
Rendah Kontrol Tinggi kontrol

Jenis sampel yang dipilih:

Heterogeneous -----|----> Homogeneous

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Variasi
Variasi Kontrol
Kontrol dlm
dlm Penelitian
Penelitian

Pengukuran
Variabel Dependent

Crude Precise
Measurement------|----> Measurement
( ukur kasar ) (ukur teliti)
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Variasi
Variasi Kontrol
Kontrol dlm
dlm Penelitian
Penelitian

Kontrol
Variabel Independent

Limited or Highly
no Control ----------|--------> Controlled
(Terbatas) (tinggi)

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Variasi
Variasi Kontrol
Kontrol dlm
dlm Penelitian
Penelitian

Quasi-experimental Experimental
Lower Control High Control
Group
no comparison group ----> comparison
group ----> alternative treatment control
group ----> no treatment control group

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Variasi
Variasi Kontrol
Kontrol dlm
dlm Penelitian
Penelitian

Seleksi Kelompok

No randomization ---------> Randomization

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Variasi
Variasi Kontrol
Kontrol dlm
dlm Penelitian
Penelitian

Quasi-experimental Experimental
Lower Control High Control

Setting keadaan
Highly
Natural -----------|----------> Controlled

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Komponen
Komponen kekuatan
kekuatan Desain
Desain

• Kontrol Lingkungan:
seleksi setting penelitian
• Natural setting

• Partially controlled setting: clinic

• Highly controlled setting: lab
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Elements
Elements of
of Strong
Strong Design
Design
• Controlling the Equivalence of
Subjects & Groups
• Random subject
selection
• Random assignment
to groups

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Elements
Elements of
of Strong
Strong Design
Design

• Controlling the Treatment (Tx)

• Tx based on research & practice
• Protocol developed for implementation
• Document Tx was implemented
• Checklist to determine extent Tx
was implemented if incomplete
• Re-evaluate Tx during study

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Elements
Elements of
of Strong
Strong Design
Design

• Controlling Measurement
• Reliability
• Validity
• # Measurement methods
• Types of instruments

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Elements
Elements of
of Strong
Strong Design
Design
• Controlling Extraneous Variables
• Identify & eliminate by sample
criteria, setting, design
• Random sampling
• Sample: heterogeneous, homogeneous,
matching
• Statistical control

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Problems
Problems with
with Study
Study Designs
Designs

• Inappropriate for purpose

& framework
• Poorly developed
• Poorly implemented
• Inadequate treatment, sample,
measurement methods

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Critiquing
Critiquing aa Study
Study Design
Design

1. Was the type of design identified?

2. Was the study design linked to the
purpose &/or objectives, questions,
or hypotheses?
3. Were all variables manipulated
or measured?

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Critiquing
Critiquing aa Study
Study Design
Design
4. If the study included a treatment,
was it clearly described &
consistently implemented?
5. Were extraneous variables
identified & controlled?
6. What were the threats to design
validity in this study?
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Critiquing
Critiquing aa Study
Study Design
Design
7. Was a pilot study performed prior
to this study? What was the reason
for the pilot & the outcome?
* Study feasibility
* Refine design or treatment
* Examine validity & reliability
of measurement methods

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Identifying a Design
in a Quantitative
Research Report

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 Study
Study Purpose
• Describe Variables
• Examine Relationships
• Determine Differences
• Test a Treatment
• A Combination of these
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Types
Types of
of Designs
Designs
• Descriptive Study Designs
• Correlational Study Designs
• Quasi-Experimental
Study Designs
• Experimental Study Designs
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Identifying
Identifying aa Design
Design
Is there a treatment?
No Yes

Is the primary purpose Is the treatment tightly controlled

examination of relationships? by the researcher?

No Yes No Yes

Descriptive Will the sample be Quasi-Experimental Will a randomly assigned

Design studied as a single Study control group be used
group?
No Yes
No Yes
Is the original sample
Correlational randomly selected?
Design
No Yes

Experimental
Study
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Identifying
Identifying aa Descriptive
Descriptive Design
Design
Examining sequences across time?

No Yes
One Group? Following same subjects across time?

No Yes No Yes

Comparative Descriptive Data collected Single unit

Descriptive Design across time of study
Design
No Yes No Yes

Cross-sectional design Studying events partitioned Longitudinal Case

across time? Study Study

No Yes

Trend Analysis Repeated measures of each subject

Yes No

Cross-sectional design Longitudinal design with

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved. with treatment partitioning treatment partitioning
 Descriptive
Descriptive Study
Study Designs
Designs

• Typical Descriptive Design

• Comparative Descriptive Design
• Time Dimensional Design
• Case Study Design

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Diagramming
Diagramming the
the Design
Design
• Clarifies the variables to be
measured or manipulated
• Indicates focus of the study:
description, relationships,
differences, &/or testing a
treatment
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Diagramming
Diagramming the
the Design
Design
• Identifies data collection process:
time for study, treatment
implementation, measurement
of variables
• Provides direction to
data analysis
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Typical
Typical Descriptive
Descriptive Design
Design
Clarification Measurement Description Interpretation
Description
Variable 1 of
Variable 1

Description
Variable 2 Interpretation
Phenomenon of
Variable 2 of Meaning
of Interest
Description
Variable 3 of
Variable 3
Development of
Description Hypotheses
Variable 4 of
Variable 4

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Comparative
Comparative Descriptive
Descriptive Design
Design

Group I
{variable(s) Describe
measured}

Comparison of
Interpretation
Groups on
of Meaning
Selected Variables

Group II
{variable(s) Describe Development
measured}
of Hypotheses

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Correlational
Correlational Study
Study Designs
Designs

• Descriptive
Correlational Design
• Predictive Design
• Model-Testing Design

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Identifying
Identifying Type
Type of
of
Correlational
Correlational Design
Design
Describe Predict Test
relationships relationships theoretically
between/among between/among proposed
variables? variables? relationships?

Descriptive Predictive Model

correlational correlational testing
design design design

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Descriptive
Descriptive Correlational
Correlational Design
Design

Measurement
Description
Research
of variable Interpretation
Variable
of Meaning
1

Examination of
Relationship

Research Description
Variable of variable Development
2
of Hypotheses

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Predictive
Predictive Design
Design

Value of Value of Predicted

Value
Independent Value of
of
Intercept
+ Independent
Variable + Variable = Dependent
1 2 Variable

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Study
Study Groups
• Groups in comparative
descriptive studies
• Control group
• Comparison group
• Equivalent versus
nonequivalent groups
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Pre-Experimental
Pre-Experimental Designs
Designs

• One-group post-test–only design

• Post-test–only design with
nonequivalent groups
• One-group pretest–post-test
design

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Quasi-Experimental
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Designs

• Untreated control group design

with pretest & post-test
• Nonequivalent dependent
variables design
• Removed-treatment design
with pretest & post-test
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Pretest––Post-Test
Pretest Post-Test Control
Control
Group
Group Design
Design
Measurement Manipulation of Measurement
of dependent independent of dependent
variables variable variable(s)

Randomly selected PRETEST TREATMENT POST-TEST

experimental
group

Randomly selected PRETEST POST-TEST

control group
Treatment: Under control of researcher

Findings: comparison of pretest and post-test scores

comparison of experimental and control groups
comparison of pretest-post-test differences between samples

Example: Your self (1990). The impact of group reminiscence counseling on a depressed elderly
population
Uncontrolled testing mortality
threats to validity: instrumentation restricted generalizability as control increases

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Post-Test––Only
Post-Test Only
Control
Control Group
Group Design
Design
Measurement Measurement
of independent of dependent
variables variable(s)

Randomly selected TREATMENT POST-TEST

experimental
group

Randomly selected POST-TEST

control group
Treatment: Under control of researcher

Findings: comparison of experimental and control groups

Example: Clochesy, Difani & Howe (1991). Electrode site preparation techniques: a
follow-up study

Uncontrolled instrumentation
threats to mortality
validity: limited generalizability as control increases

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Advantages
Advantages of
of Quasi-
Quasi-
Experimental
Experimental Designs
Designs
• More Practical: Ease
of implementation
• More Feasible: resources,
subjects, time, setting
• More Generalizable:
Comparable to practice
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Advantages
Advantages of
of
Experimental
Experimental Designs
Designs
• More Controls: design
& conduct of study
• Increased internally valid:
decreased threats to
design validity
• Fewer Rival Hypotheses
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Outcomes Research
• Agencies Supporting Outcomes
Research
• Agency for Health Services
Research (AHSR)
• Agency for Health Care Policy
& Research (AHCPR)

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Outcomes Research
• Structure of Care
• System Characteristics
• Provider Characteristics
• Patient Characteristics

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 Outcomes Research
• Process of Care
• Ordering tests
• Treatments: pharmacological
& nonpharmacological
• Referral
• Hospitalization
• Counseling & education

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 Outcomes Research
• Outcomes
• Clinical end points
• Functional status
• General well-being
• Satisfaction with care

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Critiquing
Critiquing A
A Design
Design
• Identify elements that were
controlled in the study
• Identify possible sources of bias
• Are there elements that could
have been controlled to improve
the study design?
Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
 Critiquing
Critiquing A
A Design
Design
• What elements of the design were
manipulated and how were they
manipulated?
• How adequate was the manipulation?
• What elements should have been
manipulated to improve the validity of
the findings?

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Critiquing
Critiquing A
A Design
Design

• Based on your assessment of

the adequacy of the design,
how valid are the findings?

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Critiquing
Critiquing A
A Design
Design
• Is there another reasonable
(valid) explanation (rival
hypothesis) for the study
findings other than that
proposed by the researcher?

Copyright © 1999 by W.B.Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

 Questions

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