PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

According to Susan Markle ;

It is a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events
to produce a measurable &
consistent effect on behaviour of each & every acceptable student.

Linear
Programme
Instruction

Branching
Programme
Instruction

Programmed
Instruction

Mathetics
Programme
Instruction

The principle of Linear Programmed Instruction is

based on the theory of Operant Conditioning .
The theory of Operant Conditiong was given by
Prof. Barhuss Fredrick Skinner in 1954 .

(1904 1990)

The application of Operant Conditioning Model of

Teaching is known as Linear Programming or
Skinnerian Programming

According to this principle, desirable terminal

behaviour could be attained by providing
appropriate reinforcement to the right action of
the learner

PROCEDURE
Linear programme including instructional material
& syllabus, divided into small units called frames.
Frames are brought in front of the learner, he is
expected to respond to these frames.
Immediately informed when gave right response.
Gets reinforcement for the right response & motivated
to learn about next frame.

Reaches from entering behaviour to terminal

behaviour.
Entering
Behaviour

frame 1

frame 2

frame 3

Learning Path

The response for the first stimulus will work as

stimulus for next response.

S R SR S R S R S
S- stimulus

R- response

Terminal
Behaviour

Answer of any frame should not be wrong.

Control error rate and gain positive reinforcement.

If error occurs, the learner has to go through the

whole syllabus again to proceed further.

NEED OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Individual differences.
Students learn better by doing.

Text books dont provide reinforcement.

Teaching strategies doesnt provide opportunity
to check his responses.

STRUCTURE OF LINEAR PROGRAMME

Stimulus

Response

Reinforcement

Stimulus - independent variable. Additional stimulus

is used to create desired response
Response - dependent variable. It depends on the
stimulus. New knowledge is gained by learner after
correct response.
Reinforcement this is given externally &internally
both. Learner gets motivated after giving right
response internally. Here, internal factors are hunger,
thirst, tiredness etc. which are conquered by the
Learner.

TYPES

OF

LINEAR PROGRAMMING FRAMES

Introductory Frames - Its main function is to relate

entering behaviour to terminal behaviour.
Teaching Frames - Main purpose is to impart new
knowledge or to terminate desirable new behaviour.
Practice Frames - Its purpose is to practice acquired new behaviour through
teaching frames.
Testing Frames Its main focus is to assess that how much the student have
learnt.

STRUCTURE

OF

FRAMES

In this the student check his response for a frame

by the given answer, this answer is given to him in the
next frame.

In this way the response of one frame works as

stimulus for the next frame, likewise, a series is formed.
That is why it is called Linear Programme.

CHARACTERISTICS

OF

LINEAR PROGRAMME

Printing program is neat &clean & mistakes free.

Programme is accompanied with self explained set

of instructions.
Provides clear understanding of concepts.
Controls the individual differences of the learners.
Provides reinforcement to the learner to go through
the material attentively.

Provides learning by doing situation.

Difficult concepts can be taught effectively.
Designed in logical sequence of content structure.

LIMITATIONS

OF

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Every learner has to follow same linear path.

Psychomotor & affective objectives cant be realised.
It generates controlled learning situation.
Does not suit to creative or bright student.

Difficult &time consuming process.

Does not provide social motivation to the learner.