Professional Documents
Culture Documents
12 - Patient & Family Education
12 - Patient & Family Education
12 - Patient & Family Education
EDUCATION
BARRIERS TO LEARNING
External Barriers
Environmental
Interruptions
Lack of privacy
Multiple stimuli
Sociocultural
Language
Value system
Educational
background
Internal Barriers
Environmental
Anxiety
Fear
Anger
Depression
Inability to
comprehend
Physiological
Pain
Fatigue
Sensory deprivation
Oxygen deprivation
(a)
GUIDELINES
FOR
TEACHING CHILDREN
GUIDELINES FOR
TEACHING ADOLESCENTS
Show respect for adolescents by recognizing
that they still have to gain the knowledge
and experience of adulthood while struggling
to break away from the grasp of childhood.
Boost adolescents confidence by asking their
input and opinions on health care matters.
Encourage adolescents to explore their own
feelings about self-concept and
independence.
Be sensitive to the peer pressure many
adolescents face.
GUIDELINES FOR
TEACHING OLDER ADULTS
Make sure the client is comfortable. Pain,
fatigue, and hunger can impair learning.
Assess clients learning readiness and
motivation; also assess developmental level.
Do not equate age with developmental level.
Assess clients psychological status.
Depression, severe anxiety, and denial
interfere with learning.
TYPES OF LEARNING
a.
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
ROUTINE URINALYSIS
Purpose:
Routine urinalyses are performed for several
reasons:
general health screening to detect renal and
metabolic diseases
diagnosis of diseases or disorders of the kidneys
or urinary tract
monitoring of patients with diabetes
Urobilinogen
Nitrate for Bacteria
Leukocyte Esterase
Casts
0.1-1.0
Negative
Negative
Occasional hyaline
casts
Negative or rare
Few
Crytals
Acid Urine,
Amorphous urates,
Uric acid,
Calcium oxalate,
Sodium acid Urates
Alkaline Urine
Amorphous phosphates
Calcium phosphate
Ammonium blurate
Triple phosphates
Calcium carbonate
White Blood Cells Negative or rare
TYPES
OF URINE SPECIMEN
STORAGE OF URINE:
1.
STORAGE OF URINE:
2. Preservatives for Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)
Testing:
The most common preservative used for culture and
STOOL ANALYSIS
A stool analysis is a series of tests done on a
stool (feces) sample to help diagnose certain
conditions affecting the digestive tract.
These conditions can include infection (such
as from parasites, viruses, or bacteria), poor
nutrient absorption, or cancer
Stool analysis
Normal:
The stool appears brown, soft, and well-formed in
consistency.
The stool does not contain blood, mucus, pus,
harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
The stool is shaped like a tube.
The pH of the stool is about 6.
The stool contains less than 2 milligrams per
gram (mg/g) of sugars called reducing factors.
Abnormal:
The stool is black, red, white, yellow, or green.
The stool is liquid or very hard.
There is too much stool.
The stool contains blood, mucus, pus, harmful
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
The stool contains low levels of enzymes, such as
trypsin or elastase.
The pH of the stool is less than 5.3 or greater than
6.8.
The stool contains more than 5 mg/g of sugars called
reducing factors; between 2 and 5 mg/g is considered
borderline.
The stool contains more than 7 g of fat (if your fat
intake is about 100 g a day).
Polycythemia vera
Dehydration (such as from severe diarrhea)
Renal (kidney) disease with high erythropoietin
production
Polycythemia vera
Low oxygen tension (smoking, congenital heart
disease, living at high altitudes)
CBC
WBC
RBC
Male
Female
5,000 10,000 CU MM
4.7 6.1x10/uL
4.2 5.4x10/uL
Hgb
Male
Female
Child
HCT
Male
Female
Child
PLATELET
14 18 g/dl
12 16 g/dl
10 15 g/dl
42% - 52%
37% - 47%
29% - 44%
150,000 400,00/cu mm
* = New diagnoses
+ = Revised diagnoses
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
CONT
Grieving, complicated
Grieving, risk for complicated
Hope, readiness for enhanced
Hopelessness
+Identity, disturbed personal
Post-Trauma Syndrome
Post-Trauma Syndrome, risk for
Power, readiness for enhanced
Powerlessness
Powerlessness, risk for
Rape-Trauma Syndrome
[Rape-Trauma Syndrome: compound reaction-retired
2009]
[Rape-Trauma Syndrome: silent reaction-retired 2009]
*Relationships, readiness for enhanced
CONT
Religiosity, impaired
Religiosity, ready for enhanced
Religiosity, risk for impaired
Relocation Stress Syndrome
Relocation Stress Syndrome, risk for
*Resilience, impaired individual
*Resilience, readiness for enhanced
*Resilience, risk for compromised
Self-Concept, readiness for enhanced
+Self-Esteem, chronic low
Self-Esteem, situational low
Self-Esteem, risk for situational low
Sorrow, chronic
Spiritual Distress
Spiritual Distress, risk for
Spiritual Well-Being, readiness for enhanced
CONT
PAIN/DISCOMFORTAbility to control
internal/external environment to
maintain
comfort
*Comfort, impaired
Comfort, readiness for enhanced
Pain, acute
Pain, chronic
CONT
Injury, risk for perioperative positioning
*Jaundice, neonatal
*Maternal/Fetal Dyad, risk for disturbed
Mobility, impaired physical
Poisoning, risk for
Protection, ineffective
Self-Mutilation
Self-Mutilation, risk for
Skin Integrity, impaired
Skin Integrity, risk for impaired
Suffocation, risk for
Suicide, risk for
Surgical Recovery, delayed
Thermoregulation, ineffective
Tissue Integrity, impaired
Trauma, risk for
*Trauma, risk for vascular
Violence, [actual/] risk for other-directed
Violence, [actual/] risk for self-directed
Wandering [specify sporadic or continual]
CONT