-It introduces a range of age-related issues such as

healthy aging, demographic trends, and normal physiological

and psychological processes of aging.

DEMOGRAPHICS OF AGING
-As the population of human race is getting older, public health
professionals and policy makers are seeking ways to prepare for a
society in which the number of people over 65 will nearly double in
the next twenty years.
-A major reason cited for declining health among older adults is
the epidemic of obesity, which affects about one third of people ages
65 to 74. Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and
osteoarthritis, both of which diminish quality of life, and in the case
of osteoarthritis, compromise mobility.

-Growing older doesnt mean living in a nursing home. In fact,

the number of nursing home residents has declined to less than 8% of
ages 75 and older. Todays seniors have a range of choices for housing and
care, depending on their socioeconomic status and their health.

Population of the Philippines as of July 2014

Age structure

0-14 years: (male 18,493,668/female

17,753,359)
15-24 years: (male 10,416,358/female
10,044,724)
25-54 years: (male 20,031,638/female
19,796,545)
55-64 years: (male 2,882,719/female
3,372,485)
65 years and over: (male
2,103,596/female 2,773, 139)
TOTAL: 107,668,231 as of July 2014

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
-It explain the physiologic processes that change with aging.
2 CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
1. STOCHASTIC or STATISTICAL PERSPECTIVE
-It identifies episodic events that happen throughout
ones life that cause random cell damage and accumulate overtime, thus
causing aging.
2. NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES
- View aging as a series of predetermined events
happening to all organisms in a time framework.

STOCHASTIC THEORIES OF AGING

1. FREE RADICAL THEORY
-Membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins are damaged by
free radicals, which causes cellular injury and aging.
2. ORGEL/ ERROR THEORY
-This theory suggests that, over time, cells accumulate
errors in their DNA and RNA protein synthesis that cause the cells to die.
3. WEAR AND TEAR THEORY
- Cells wear out and cannot function with aging. An
example is the cells in ability to repair damaged DNA. It is known that the
cells in the heart muscle, neurons, striated muscle, and the brain cannot
replace themselves after they are destroyed by wear and tear.

4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE / CROSSLINK THEORY

-With aging, proteins impede metabolic processes and
cause trouble with getting nutrients to cells and removing cellular waste
products.

NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES
1. PROGRAMMED THEORY
-As people age, more of their cells start to decide to
commit suicide or stop dividing, and this triggers apoptosis or cell death.
2. GENE/BIOLOGICAL CLOCK THEORY
- Cells have a genetically programmed aging code.

3. NEUROENDOCRINE THEORY
-This theory describe a change in hormone secretion,
such us with the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus and
stimulating hormones of the pituitary gland, which manage the thyroid,
parathyroid, and adrenal glands, and how it influences the aging process.
4. IMMUNOLOGIC / AUTOIMMUNE THEORY
-There is decreased immune function in the elderly. The
thymus gland shrinks in size and ability to function.

 Sociological theories focus on the

changing roles and relationships that

accompany aging. These theories
discuss how these changing roles,
relationships, and status impact the
older individuals ability to adapt.

 The Activity Theory, developed by

Havighurst and associates in 1953, asserts

that remaining active and engaged with
society is pivotal to satisfaction in old age.
This mentality is diametrically opposed to
the Disengagement Theory. Successful
aging equals active aging. Activity can be
physical or intellectual in nature, but mainly
refers to maintaining active roles in society.

 The Disengagement Theory, one of the

earliest and most controversial theories of

aging, views aging as a process of gradual
withdrawal between society and the older
adult. This mutual withdrawal or
disengagement is a natural, acceptable, and
universal process that accompanies growing
old. It is applicable to elders in all cultures,
although there might be variations

 Explains aging in terms of mental

processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation,

and personality development that is
characterized by life stage transitions.

(5 ) basic needs motivate human behavior in a

lifelong process toward need fulfillment.
Physiological Needs
These include the most basic needs that are vital
to survival, such as the need for water, air, food,
and sleep.
Security Needs
These include needs for safety and security.
Examples of security needs include a desire for
steady employment, health care, safe
neighborhoods, and shelter from the
environment.

 Security Needs

These include needs for safety and security.

Examples of security needs include a desire for
steady employment, health care, safe
neighborhoods, and shelter from the environment.
Social Needs
These include needs for belonging, love, and
affection. Relationships such as friendships,
romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this
need for companionship and acceptance, as does
involvement in social, community, or religious
groups.

 Esteem Needs

After the first three needs have been satisfied,

esteem needs becomes increasingly important.
These include the need for things that reflect on
self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and
accomplishment.
Self-actualizing Needs
This is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of
needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware,
concerned with personal growth, less concerned
with the opinions of others, and interested fulfilling
their potential.

 The socio-economic status will be described in

terms of whether the elderly is a gainful worker

or not, the tenure status of the housing unit or lot
they occupy, and a poverty measure