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Indianoski Architecture
Indianoski Architecture
Indianoski Architecture
T UofRI EN D I A
H I S T O R Y O F A R C H IT E C T U R E 3
Prepared by:
The greater Indus region was home to the largest of the four
ancient urban civilizations
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/in.htm
INDIA
Ancient
shaped
diamond
Once
included
Pakistan
and
Bangladesh
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/asia/india/
GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
S Sri Lanka
http://www.geographia.com/india/
GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
GEOLOGY
Soapstone sculpture
Hoysala Temple, Belur, India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potstone
GEOLOGY
Timber:
Teakwood - Burma
Softwood deodar - Northern mountain ranges
- hardwood found in
GEOLOGY
GEOLOGY
Climate depends not only on the time of year, but also the
location:
Northern India, especially in the Himalayas, has
seasonal temperatures with cool winters.
Most of southern India, particularly inland, is hot and
dry. Temperatures can reach as high as 48 degrees
Celsius.
Monsoons during June through September produce
severe storms with rain.
The western and northeastern coasts hit by monsoons
get considerable rain.
CLIMATE
RELIGION
Life and earth-affirming, positive faith appropriate to battleloving tribes whose chieftains and gods/goddesses and
heroes resemble divinities and characters.
RELIGION
RELIGION
HINDUISM
Evolved from the Vedic religion.
Emphasizes the necessity of escaping from material life
and of extinguishing desire.
Ritualistic and includes extreme self denial and self
punishment.
RELIGION
HINDUISM
85 percent of the population is
classified as Hindu.
Cows are considered sacred as
are rivers.
RELIGION
HINDUISM
Caste system originated from the Aryans in order to
maintain the purity of their blood and to maintain white
supremacy.
http://www.indhistory.com/india-caste-system.html
RELIGION/SOCIAL
http://www.csuchico.edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring98/india.htm
CASTE
SYSTEM
RELIGION/SOCIAL
CASTE
SYSTEM
Untouchables - "outcastes," without a varn.a
Gandhi's Harijans ("children of
("downtrodden") - preferred names
God")
or
Dalits
Traditional professions:
1. Dealing with the bodies of dead animals (sacred cattle that
wander Indian villages) or unclaimed dead humans,
2. Tanning leather, from such dead animals, and manufacturing
leather goods,
3. Cleaning up the human and animal waste.
RELIGION/SOCIAL
HINDUISM
Brahma is the chief
god, the omnipresent
one who is father of the
Brahman Trinity.
RELIGION
BUDDHISM
Religion and philosophy
founded in NE India in the
5th c. BCE based on the
teachings of Siddhartha
Gautama,
called
the
Buddha
(Enlightened
One).
To escape from suffering and the cycle of rebirth and the
attainment of nirvana, and emphasizes meditation and
observance of moral precepts.
RELIGION
Flicker
BUDDHISM
Buddha's teachings were transmitted orally by his
disciples; during his lifetime he established the Buddhist
monastic order (sangha).
He adopted some ideas from the Hinduism of his time,
notably the doctrine of karma, but also rejected many of its
doctrines and all of its gods.
RELIGION
BUDDHISM
Buddhism's two major branches, Mahayana and
Theravada, have each developed distinctive practices
Emperor Ashoka 3rd and most powerful Mauryan emperor,
who created the first pan-Indian empire. (273 - 232 BCE)
promoted Buddhism during the 3rd c. BCE, but it declined
in succeeding centuries and was nearly extinct by the 13th
c.
RELIGION
BUDDHISM
Spread south and
flourished in Sri
Lanka and S.E.
Asia, as well as
moving
through
Central Asia and
Tibet to China,
Korea, and Japan.
http://www.thebuddhistsociety.org/resources/Spread.html
RELIGION
BUDDHISM
Buddhist religious buildings became concentrated in
monasteries and in shrines where relics of those whom
had achieved salvation (nirvana) were deposited.
These shrines took the form of Stupas or domical
mounds which, grouped with their rails, gateways,
processional paths, and crowning umbrella came to be
regarded as symbols of the universe.
The monasteries became places of
pilgrimage and dissemination of learning.
RELIGION
international
JAINISM
Established in the 6th c. BCE by
Vardhamana, who was called Mahavira
RELIGION
JAINISM
Eternal and hold that it was revealed in stages by a
number of Conquerors, of whom Mahavira was the 24th.
Living as an ascetic, Mahavira preached the need for
rigorous penance and self-denial as the means of
perfecting human nature, escaping the cycle of rebirth,
and attaining moksha, or liberation.
View karma as an invisible material substance that
interferes with liberation and can only be dissolved
through asceticism.
RELIGION
JAINISM
The ultimate goal of Jain is salvation through successive
rebirths, the ideal being rigid asceticism and the
avoidance of injury to every living creature.
Jains are known for their charitable works, including
building shelters for animals.
Jain preaches universal tolerance.
RELIGION
JAINISM
Two groups of Jains:
Digambaras (literally "sky clad" or
naked) their monks carry
asceticism to the point of rejecting
even clothing (even when they
appear in public).
Shvetambaras (literally "white clad")
- their monks wear simple white
robes. The laity are permitted to wear
clothes of any color.
http://www.philadelphiaproject.co.za/jainism.htm
RELIGION
JAINISM
Jains are recommended to pass through four stages during
their lifetime:
1. Brahmacharya-ashrama: the life of a student
RELIGION
JAINISM
The universe exists as a series of layers, both heavens and
hells. It had no beginning and will have no ending. It consists
of:
1. The supreme abode: located at the top of the
universe and is where Siddha, the liberated souls
live.
RELIGION
JAINISM
The universe exists as a series of layers, both heavens and
hells. It had no beginning and will have no ending. It consists
of:
5. The Nigoda, or base: where the lowest forms of life
reside
6. Universe space: layers of clouds which surround
the upper world
7. Space beyond: an infinite volume without soul,
matter, time, medium of motion or medium of rest.
RELIGION
JAINISM
RELIGION
HISTORY
HISTORY
HISTORY
HISTORY
MOHENJO DARO
Mound of the Dead
Ancient Indus Valley Civilization city
flourished between 2600 and 1900 BCE.
One of the first world
Lies in Pakistan's Sindh province
that
DHOLAVIRA
Located on Khadir Beyt, an
island in the Great Rann of
Kutch in Gujarat State, India.
Excavated since 1990.
As large as Harappa and
Mohenjo Daro, it has some of
the best preserved stone
architecture.
Appears to have had several
large reservoirs, and an
elaborate system of drains to
collect water from the city walls
and house tops to fill these
water tanks.
LOTHAL
A bead factory and Persian Gulf seal have been found here suggesting
that like many sites on the Gulf of Khambat, it was deeply into trading.
RAKHIGARHI
GANWERIWALA
Smaller Settlements
Other important indus sites flourished for various periods between
3500 and 1700 BCE. Some must have been lost or destroyed by
shifting river paths. Others are probably buried under modern
towns.
1. Gola Dhoro
2. Daimabad
Smaller Settlements
3.
Sutkagen Dor
End of Part 1
ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA