SynapseIndia PHP Development String Processing and Regular Expressions

26.
3 String Processing and Regular

Expressions
String processing
Equality and comparison two important

operations
strcmp function
Returns 1 if string 1 < string 2

Returns 0 if string 1 = string 2
Returns 1 if string 1 > string 2
Relational operators
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

2
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 
5 
compare.php
(1 of 2)
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

8
9
10
<head>
<title>String Comparison</title>
</head>
11
12
13
<body>
<?php
Use a for loop to iterate through each array element.
14
15
// create array fruits
16
$fruits = array( "apple", "orange", "banana" );
17
18
// iterate through
19
for ( $i = 0; $i <
20
Function strcmp compares two strings. If the first string

alphabetically precedes the second, then 1 is returned. If
each array element
the strings are equal, 0 is returned. If the first string
count( $fruits ); $i++ ) {
alphabetically follows the second, then 1 is returned.
21
// call function strcmp to compare the array element
22
// to string "banana"
23
if ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) < 0 )
24
print( $fruits[ $i ]." is less than banana " );
elseif ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) > 0 )
25
print( $fruits[ $i ].
26
" is greater than banana " );
27
else
28
print( $fruits[ $i ]." isUse

equarelational
l to bananoperators
a " );
to compare each array

compare.php
element to string apple.
(2 of 2)
29
30
31
// use relational operators to compare each element
32
// to string "apple"
33
if ( $fruits[ $i ] < "apple" )

print( "and less than apple! " );
34
elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] > "apple" )
35
print( "and greater than apple! " );
36
elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] == "apple" )
37
print( "and equal to apple! " );
38
39
}
40
41
42
?>
</body>
43 </html>
26.3 String Processing and Regular

Expressions
Fig. 26.7
Using the string comparison operators.

Expressions
Regular expressions
Pattern matching templates

ereg function
POSIX
preg_match function
Perl
ereg_replace function
Building regular expressions
Metacharacters
$, ., ^
Brackets [
]
5
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

2
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 
5 
6
expression.php
(1 of 3)
7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

8
9
10
<head>
<title>Regular expressions</title>
</head>
11
12
<body>
14
Function ereg searches for the literal

characters Now inside variable $search.
$search = "Now is the time";
15
print( "Test string is: '$search' " );
13
<?php
16
17
// call function ereg to search for pattern 'Now'
18
// in variable search
19
if ( ereg( "Now", $search ) )
20
print( "String 'Now' was found. " );
21
22
// search for pattern 'Now' in the beginning of
23
// the string
24
if ( ereg( "^Now", $search ) )
The dollar sign special character ($) search for the

pattern
Now at
end of the
the string.
The caret special
character
(^)the
matches
expression.php
of the line. " );
beginning of a string. Function ereg searches the
(2 of 3)
beginning
of
the
string
for
pattern
Now
.
search for pattern 'Now' at the end of the string
print( "String 'Now' found at beginning
25
26
27
28
//
29
if ( ereg( "Now$", $search ) )
30
31
print( "String 'Now' was found at the end

of the line. " );
32
33
// search for any word ending in 'ow'
34
if ( ereg( "[[:<:]]([a-zA-Z]*ow)[[:>:]]", $search,
35
$match ) )
36
print( "Word found ending in 'ow': " .
37
$match[ 1 ] . " " );
38
The expression
the expressions
parentheses,[[:<:]]
[a-zA-Z]*ow
The specialinside
bracket
and ,
matches
any
word
ending
in ow. The
quantifier
Placing
a pattern
in the
parentheses
stores
the of
matched
[[:>:]]
match
beginning
and
end
a*
with 't' found: ");
matches
thethe
preceding
pattern
0 or more
times.
string
in
array that
is specified
in the
third argument
word,
respectively.
to function ereg.
39
// search for any words beginning with 't'
40
print( "Words beginning
41
42
while ( eregi( "[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]]",
43
$search, $match ) ) {
44
print( $match[ 1 ] . " " );
45
The pattern used in this example,
[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]], matches any

The while word
loop is
used to find
occurrence of a
beginning
witheach
the character
Function eregi
is used
to specify
case
insensitivet followed by one or
7
word in themore
stringcharacters.
beginningCharacter
with t. class [[:alpha:]]
pattern matches.
recognizes any alphabetic character.
4
6
/
/
r
e
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
a
w
o
r
d
b
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
4
7
/
/
w
i
t
h
'
t
'
t
o
f
i
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
r
i
n
g
4
8
$
s
e
a
r
c
h
=
e
r
e
g
_
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
(
$
m
a
t
c
h
[
1
]
,
"
"
,
$
s
e
a
r
c
h
)
;
}
4
9
5
0
5
1
5
2
5
3
p
r
i
n
t
(
"

"
)
;
?
>

5
4<
/
h
t
m
l
>
expression.php
After printing a match of a word beginning with t, function
(3 of
3)
ereg_replace is called to remove the word from the
string.
This is necessary be because to find multiple instances of a
given pattern, the first matched instance must first be removed.
Function ereg_replace takes three arguments: the pattern to
match, a string to replace the matched string and the string to
search.

Expressions
Fig. 26.8
Regular expressions in PHP.

Expressions
Q
u
a
n
tifie
r
M
a
tc
h
e
s
{
n
}
{
m
,
n
}
{
n
,
}
+
*
?
E
x
a
c
tlyn
tim
e
s
.
B
e
tw
e
e
nm
a
n
dn
tim
e
sin
c
lu
s
iv
e
.
n
o
rm
o
retim
e
s
.
O
n
eo
rm
o
retim
e
s(s
a
m
ea
s{
1
,
}
).
Z
e
roo
rm
o
retim
e
s(s
a
m
ea
s{
0
,
}
).
Z
e
roo
ro
n
etim
e(s
a
m
ea
s{
0
,
1
}
).
F
ig
.2
6
.9
S
o
m
e
P
H
P
q
u
a
n
tifie
rs
.
10

Expressions
C
h
a
r
a
c
te
rc
la
s
s D
e
s
c
r
ip
tio
n
a
l
n
u
m
a
l
p
h
a
d
i
g
i
t
s
p
a
c
e
l
o
w
e
r
u
p
p
e
r
A
lp
h
a
n
u
m
e
r
ic
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
s(
i.e
.,le
tte
r
s[
a
z
A
Z
]o
rd
ig
its[
0
9
]
)
.
W
o
r
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
s(
i.e
.,le
tte
r
s[
a
z
A
Z
]
)
.
D
ig
its
.
W
h
ite
s
p
a
c
e
.
L
o
w
e
r
c
a
s
e
le
tte
r
s
.
U
p
p
e
r
c
a
s
e
le
tte
r
s
.
F
ig
.2
6
.1
0 S
o
m
e
P
H
P
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
rc
la
s
s
e
s
.
11
26.4 Viewing Client/Server

Environment Variables
Environment variables
Provide information about execution

environment
Type of Web browser

Type of server
Details of HTTP connection
Stored as array in PHP

$_ENV
12

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26.

3 String Processing and Regular

Equality and comparison two important

Returns 1 if string 1 < string 2

1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Use a for loop to iterate through each array element.

// create array fruits

$fruits = array( "apple", "orange", "banana" );

Function strcmp compares two strings. If the first string

// call function strcmp to compare the array element

if ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) < 0 )

print( $fruits[ $i ]." is less than banana " );

elseif ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) > 0 )

" is greater than banana " );

print( $fruits[ $i ]." isUse

to compare each array

// use relational operators to compare each element

if ( $fruits[ $i ] < "apple" )

elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] > "apple" )

print( "and greater than apple! <br />" );

elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] == "apple" )

print( "and equal to apple! <br />" );

26.3 String Processing and Regular

Using the string comparison operators.

26.3 String Processing and Regular

Pattern matching templates

Building regular expressions

1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

7 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Function ereg searches for the literal

print( "Test string is: '$search'<br /><br />" );

// call function ereg to search for pattern 'Now'

if ( ereg( "Now", $search ) )

print( "String 'Now' was found.<br />" );

// search for pattern 'Now' in the beginning of

if ( ereg( "^Now", $search ) )

The dollar sign special character ($) search for the

if ( ereg( "Now$", $search ) )

print( "String 'Now' was found at the end

// search for any word ending in 'ow'

if ( ereg( "[[:<:]]([a-zA-Z]*ow)[[:>:]]", $search,

print( "Word found ending in 'ow': " .

$match[ 1 ] . "<br />" );

// search for any words beginning with 't'

print( "Words beginning

while ( eregi( "[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]]",

print( $match[ 1 ] . " " );

The pattern used in this example,

[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]], matches any

recognizes any alphabetic character.

26.3 String Processing and Regular

Regular expressions in PHP.

26.3 String Processing and Regular

26.3 String Processing and Regular

26.4 Viewing Client/Server

Provide information about execution

Type of Web browser

Stored as array in PHP

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