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Physical Properties of Dental Materials M&A
Physical Properties of Dental Materials M&A
Properties of
Dental Materials
1- Mass-related properties:
Density
2- Thermal properties:
- Thermal conductivity
4- Optical properties
Thermal Properties:
1- Thermal Conductivity:
It is the amount of heat in calories or joules passing per
second through a body 1cm thick, 1cm2 cross sectional
area when the temperature difference is 1C
=
L final- L original
L original x (C final- C original)
ii. Discoloration
iv. Hypersensitivity.
3- Heat of fusion
Heat of fusion (L) is the amount of heat in calories or
joules required to convert l gm of a material from the
solid to the liquid state at the melting temperature.
It is calculated as follows:
Q
Where L: is the heat of fusion.
L = ---------------Q: is the total heat absorbed.
m
m: mass of the substance melted
As long as the mass is molten, the heat of fusion is retained by the
liquid. When the liquid is frozen or solidified, this heat is
liberated. It is called "Latent heat of fusion".
Importance in dentistry:
During casting, the metal must be heated 100 C
more than its melting temperature for proper
melting
Heat of fusion
Dental significance
During casting metal must be heated 100C
above its melting temperature
L
Tm
L+S
S
Time
Time
5-Specific heat
It is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature
of one gram of the substance 1C
Therefore
Metals have low specific heat,
while non metals have high specific heat
Importance in dentistry:
-
Because of the low specific heat of dental gold alloys, prolonged heating is
unnecessary, during casting
Importance:
1- Acrylic resin denture base materials have the
tendency for water sorption.
2- Hydrocolloid impression materials will imbibe
water if immersed in it leading to dimensional
changes.
Optical Properties
The perception of the Color of an object is
the result of a physiological response to a
physical stimulus (light).
Transparency
is a property of a material, that allows the passage of light in such a manner that little distortion takes
place so that objects can be clearly seen through them
Translucency
is a property of the material, which allows the passage of some light and scatters or reflects
the rest . In such manner, the object cannot be clearly seen through them
Translucency decreases with increasing the scattering centers.
e.g. tooth enamel, porcelain, composite and pigmented acrylic resin.
1- Reflection:
A- Smooth surface: Reflections on a smooth surface give a
glossy appearance to the surface Specular Reflection
Smooth surface: angle of incidence = angle of reflection
The restoration should have a highly smooth and polished
surface to simulate the tooth structure and match it.
B- Rough surface: Reflections of light on a rough surface are
diffused (i.e: in all directions). Diffuse Reflection
The surface appears to have little gloss (i.e dull)
2- Refraction:
It is the change of the direction of a beam of light on entering
second medium.
Refraction results from the difference in refractive indices of the
two media.
transparent solid
3-Scattering:
If light rays passing through a medium are obstructed by any different
inclusions it will be redirected in another direction and is attenuated.
i.e The
4. Transmission:
Light passing through an optical medium
without attenuation
completely transmitted.
Total transmission occurs in perfectly transparent materials.
If part of the light is transmitted and part is reflected
( i.e. diffuse transmission), the material appears translucent.
Complete Transmission
Transparent
Incomplete Transmission
No Transmission (absorption)
Translucent
Opaque
COLOR
Color parameters:
A- Hue: It is the dominant wave length. It represents
the color of the material,
i.e yellow, green, red and blue.
C- Value:
It represents the lightness or darkness of color
(the amount of grayness).
1- Source:
Different sources have different color
content. i.e Incandesnt light has a color
content different from that of
fluorescent light.
2- Surrounding:
Colors of wall, lips or clothes of the patient
modify the type of light reaching the object.
3- Object:
A- Translucency:
It controls lightness or darkness of color.
High translucency gives a lighter color
appearance (higher value) i.e more vital tooth
appearance
D- Fluorescene:
It makes the teeth bright and vital, as it
increases the brightness.
E- Thickness:
The thickness of a restoration can affect its
appearance.
Increase in thickness, increase opacity, and
lower the value.
F- Metamerism
4- Observer:
A- Color response:
Eye responds differently among individuals.
B- Color Vision:
Some individuals may have color blindness
and inability to distinguish certain colors.
C- Color Fatigue:
Constant stimulus of one color decreases the
response to that color.
Laser
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
The principle of laser production is simply that an element
or compound (medium) can be excited by high energy to
produce a special type of light called laser
Clinical applications of
laser
a- Surgery for removal of soft
tissues.
b- Removal of initial carious
lesions.
c- Curing of composite resin.
COLORs
Primary colors:
Blue, green and red are primary colors.
Combining suitable proportions of wave lengths of the three
primary colors results in white.