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3-Ph Induction Motor
3-Ph Induction Motor
Theory
1. Three-phase induction motor is the most
popular type of a. c. motor.
2. It is very commonly used for induction
drives since it is cheap, robust, efficient
and reliable.
3. It has good speed regulation and high
starting torque.
4. It requires little maintenance.
5. It has a reasonable overload capacity.
Tooth
Slot
Rotor
Shaft
Stator core
or Stamping
Tooth
Slot
Rotor
Shaft
Stator core
or Stamping
Rotor
Shaft
Rotor
Shaft
Rotor
Shaft
Rotor
Shaft
Rotor
Shaft
Rotor
Shaft
Rotor
Shaft
STATOR
Stator Core
Rotor Core
Shaf
t
Air Gap
Brushes
Slip rings
ROTOR
Rotor wdg
Bearings
Stator Frame
Stator wdg
STATOR
Base
Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)
End Rings
Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)
Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)
End Rings
Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)
Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)
End Rings
Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)
The conductors and the end rings look like a cage of a bird
or form a cage of the type which was once commonly used for
keeping squirrel;
Hence this rotor is known as the squirrel cage rotor.
SHAFT
OR
Rotor winding
In delta or Star
Start
Max
Run
Min
Slip Rings
SHAFT
OR
Rotor winding
In delta or Star
Start
Max
Run
Min
Slip Rings
SHAFT
OR
Rotor winding
In delta or Star
Start
Max
Run
Min
Slip Rings
Principle
of
Operation
B
R
R
Y
R
R
Y
R
R
Y
b
r
r
y
0
b
r
r
y
0
0=(3/2)m
b
b0
Consider an angle 0o
-y0
R2
Y1
r
B2
y
R1
B1
Y2
b0={(3)/(2)m
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
-y0={(3)/(2)}m
B1=+ & B2 =
Y1= & Y2 =+
R1= 0 & R2 =0
At an angle 60o
-y0 60=(3/2)m
Y1
r60
r
B2
y
R2
R1
B1
Y2
r60={(3)/(2)m
0
-y60={(3)/(2)}m
R1=+ & R2 =
Y1= & Y2 =+
B1= 0 & B2 =0
At an angle 120o
b
N
r120
Y1
B2
120=(3/2)m
-b120
R2
R1
B1
Y2
r120={(3)/(2)m
y
0
-b120={(3)/(2)}m
R1=+ & R2 =
Y1= 0 & Y2 = 0
B1= & B2 =+
At an angle 180o
b
Y1
r
Y180
-b180
R1
B1
Y2
180=(3/2)m
B2
R2
y180={(3)/(2)m
0
-b180={(3)/(2)}m
R1=0 & R2 = 0
Y1= + & Y2 =
B1= & B2 =+
At an angle 240o
b
Y1
-r240
B2
Y240
y
R2
R1
B1
Y2
y240={(3)/(2)m
0
-r240={(3)/(2)}m
R1= & R2 = +
Y1= + & Y2 =
B1= 0 & B2 = 0
At an angle 300o
b300
300=(3/2)m
-r300
Y1
B2
R2
R1
B1
Y2
b300={(3)/(2)m
0
-r300={(3)/(2)}m
R1= & R2 = +
Y1= 0 & Y2 = 0
B1= + & B2 =
360=(3/2)m
b
b360
At an angle 360o
-y360
R2
Y1
r
b360={(3)/(2) }m
y
Phasor is
same as
that of
angle 0o
B2
R1
B1
Y2
-y360={(3)/(2)}m
R1= 0 & R2 =0
Y1= & Y2 =+
B1=+ & B2 =
B
Y1
R
R
B2
Y
Y
0
R2
R1
B1
Y2
Y
B1
R
R
Y2
Y
R2
R1
Y1
B2
B
Now change the
phase sequence
of motor to RBY
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
With same
supply phase
sequence
For anticlockwise phase sequence, Flux rotate anticlockwise,
Poles rotate anticlockwise,
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST
METHOD
B
Rotor Conductor
STATOR
ROTOR
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST
METHOD
STATOR
ROTOR
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST
METHOD
Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field
Flux
Direction
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST
METHOD
Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field
Flux
Direction
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST
METHOD
Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field
Flux
Direction
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST
METHOD
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST
METHOD
Rotation of Rotor
FIRST
METHOD
B
More
Flux
Rotation of Rotor
SECOND
METHOD
Less
Flux
Rotation of Rotor
B
THIRD
METHOD Direction of
Force on Conductor
Current
Flux
Direction
Y
When a conductor carrying current is put in a magnetic field a
force is produced on it. The direction of force can be found by
left hand Rule.
It is seen that the force acting on the conductor is in the
same direction as the direction of the rotating magnetic field.
Rotation of Rotor
FOURTH
METHOD
Y1
Flux
R2
B1
Motion B2
N
R1
Y2
Attraction
Rotation of Rotor
FOURTH
METHOD
Y1
Flux
R2
B1
Motion B2
N
R1
Y2
Attraction
Rotation of Rotor
FOURTH
METHOD
Y1
Flux
R2
B1
Motion B2
N
R1
Y2
Attraction
Rotation of Rotor
FOURTH
METHOD
Y1
R2
B1
N
B2
R1
Y2
Attraction
Torque
Torque
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux
Ns
Nr
s=(Ns-Nr)/Ns=0.04
sf=0.04x50=2Hz
fr=sf
t=500msec
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux
Ns
Nr
B
In this case Nr =Ns;
slip = 0;
Y
No Speed difference between
Rotor
and Rotating Magnetic Field.
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;
R
Ns
Nr
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux
Ns
Nr
B
In this case Nr =Ns;
slip = 0;
Y
No Speed difference between
Rotor
and Rotating Magnetic Field.
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;
No Rotor Flux.
No torque. Speed decreases.
R
Ns
Nr
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux
Ns
Nr
R
Ns
Torque is produced
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux
Ns
Nr
R
Ns
Torque is produced
Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux
Ns
Nr
120
P Ns Nr
120
P sN s
sf1
120
120 sf1
Speed of rotor 120 f 2
flux w r t itself
P
P
sN s
120 sf1
Speed of rotor 120 f 2
flux w r t itself
P
P
sN s
stator
Ns wrt stator
Ns wrt stator
S
Nr wrt stator
120 sf1
Speed of rotor 120 f 2
flux w r t itself
P
P
sN s
stator
Relative speed is zero.
I0
Ic
Rc
V1
f1
I
jXm
sE 2
, at slip frequency f2
Rotor current I2=
r2 jsx 2
r
I2
sE2
f2=sf1
jsx2
I2
E2
r2 / s
E2
r2
jx2
s
at frequency f1
jx2
f1
E2 = I2(r2+jsx2),
I2
2 r2
E1 E2 ' aE2
(a
ja 2 x2 )
a
s
r2 '
E1 I1 ' ( jx2 ' )
s
I1
E1
r2 ' / s
Jx2
f1
I1
jx1
r2 ' / s
I1
I0
Ic
Rc
V1
f1
I
jXm
Jx2
jx1
I1
Jx2
I1
I0
Ic
Rc
V1
I
jXm
f1
r2
1 s
- r2 r2
s
s
r2 ' / s
I1
jx1
r2
I1
jx2
I0
Ic
V1
Rc
I
jXm
1 s
r2
Power Balance
r1
I1
jx1
r2
I1
jx2
I0
Ic
Rc
jXm
Stator
Stator
Rotor
loss
loss
loss
V1
Stator
Input
power
V1
I1cos1
I12r1
core
I22r2
1 s
r2
Mechanical
Power
Developed in
Rotor Pm
E2 I2cos2=I22r2/s
E2
2
r2
and cos2
r2
2
x2
s
r2
s
Pg E2 I 2
2
r
2
2
x
2
s
2 r2
Pg I 2
s
1 s
Pg I 2 2 r2 I 2 2 r2
s
Pg sPg (1 s)Pg
s
2
r2
2
x2
s
1 s
Pm I 2 2 r2
s
(1 s) Pg
Internal (or Gross) torque developed per phase is
Te
(1 s) Pg
Pm
r(m) (1 s) s(m)
Pg
s(m)
Watts/rad/sec
Psh
r(m)
=Te - Lost Torque due to constant loss
Efficiency =
Pm
Pm Pconstant Pcu
100%
I1
jx1
I1
I0
Ic
V1
jx2
Rc
jXm
r2 /s
jXTH
I1 =I2
jx2
r2 /s
VTH
I2
s s
s
s
r2
RTH
s
VTH 2
2
TH
2
r2
Nm
s
Motoring Mode
Tem
TL
Unstable
Top
Te
Test
0
1
Speed
Slip
Ns
0
Test
Tem
RTH
KTH
r
2
2 2
r2 XTH x2
KTH
2
2 RTH RTH X 2
X XTH x
s KTH
Top
r2
KTH
r2
s
r2
2
R R 2 X 2
RTH XTH x2
2
TH
TH
r2
Te
s
2
Tem
KTH
r2
2 s
RTH XTH x2
2
2
s
2 RTH RTH X
2
Tem
s
smt X
2
X
s
smt
s
s
smt
r2 smt X
Te
2
Tem smt s
s
smt
TTee
22
TTemest smt1 ss
s s smt
1
I1
jx1
Ic
V1
Rc
I2
I0
jx2
I
jXm
r2
1 s
r2 r2
s
s
r2/s
r1 I jx1
1
Ic
V1
r2
I2
I0
Rc
jx2
I
jXm
1 s
r2
At standstill, s=1,
ckt becomes equivalent to short circuited transformer.
At synchronous speed, s=0,
ckt becomes equivalent to open circuited transformer.
rdc=Vdc/Idc
I0
STATOR
V0 V
B
Y
ROTOR
P0 = I02r1+Pc+Pfw
P0
Cos0
V0 I0
1. Ic=I0cos0
2. I=I0sin0
E0
E0
, E 0 V 0 I 0 (r 1 jx 1)
3. R c
4. X m
Ic
I
On No load, Motor runs near to syn speed
So, s zero 1/s= or open circuit
jx2
r1 I jx1
I
I0
Ic
V0
Rc
I
jXm
open circuit
r2/s
Pfw
Input Voltage
Thus Pc=P0 - I02r1 - Pfw
IM
V Vsc
B
Y
Rotor is blocked or held stationary by
3-ph Variac
r1
jx1
Ic
Vsc
Isc
I0
Rc
Mechanical loss =0
Core loss negligible
Rc and Xm >> r2+jx2
Hence omitted
r2
jx2
I
jXm
1 s
r2
P sc
cossc
=0.8 to 0.9
VscI sc
X sc Z sc 2 R sc 2 x 1x 2
For wound rotor motor, x1 = x2 = Xsc /2
For squirrel cage motor,
Class of motor
x1
x2
1.
0.5
0.5
2.
0.4
0.6
3.
0.3
0.7
4.
0.5
0.5
Graphical representation
y
Isc
V1
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
x
4. Join I0 and Isc
y
Isc
V1
Output line
T
sc
0 I
0
L1
O
L2
5. Draw perpendicular bisector to output line
V1
Output line
T Torque line
sc
O
0 I
0
L1
L2
P
V1
P
1
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
sc
O
T
L1
0 I
L
1
0
C
x
O
L2
L2
11. From R, draw line parallel to output line crossing at P & P.
P is operating point
12. Join O and P. Cos1 is operating pf.
13. From P draw perpendicular on x axis
Lebel O, T , L1 and L2
Isc
V1
P
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
Isc
V1
P
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
L1L2=Constant Loss
Isc
V1
P
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
Isc
V1
P
Output line
sc
O
0 I
0
O
T
L1
L2
T Torque line
C
L1
L2
rotor Cu loss = OT
y
Pmax
V1
Isc
Output line
O
O
T T
0 I
L1 L1
0
O
L2 L2
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Power = OP
T Torque line
sc
L1
LP2max
Ns
0
y
Pmax
V1
P
1
P
Tmax
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
O
O
T
T T
L1
L1
0 I
L
1
1
0
C
x
L
O
L2 L2 2
L2
Tmax
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Torque = TP
The gap betn torque line and circle is OUTPUT torque.
Ns
0
Speed
At I0, torque=0, but at
Isc, torque=T Isc=Starting torque
1
Slip
0
Max output torque=TmaxT
sc
y
Pmax
V1
P
1
P
Tmax
O
O
T
T T
L1
0 I
L
1
1
0
C
L
O
L2 L2 2
2. Output Power and Torque
sc
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
L1
L2
Max Power and Max Torque are not occurring at same time
Contradiction to max power transfer theorem
y
Pmax
V1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and
Isc
Tmax
P
1
Output line
T Torque line
T
T
L1 L1
C
L
L2 2
Efficiency
L1
L2
smp
O"T "
Pmax T "
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and
T
T
L1 L1
C
L
L2 2
Efficiency
Isc
Output line
T Torque line
L1
L2
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
0 I
0
4. Braking Torque
O
T
L1
L2
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
T
C
s=1
Te L
1
L2
s=
Speed
s=0
0
Ns
1
The gap betn circle and T & s= is braking
Slip 0
torque
y
Pmax
V1
Tmax
P
1
sc
O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
s=1
T
C
L1
L2
x
s=
y
Pmax
V1
P
Tmax
Isc
Output line
braking torque
O
O
T
T
0 I
L1
0
C
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0
G
s= -ve
G
(Generator)
sc
PGmax
T Torque line
s=1
L1
L2
x
s=
OG=Gen Current
OG=Mech I/p
L2G=Active power
OL2=reactive power
y
Pmax
V1
P
Tmax
P
1
Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
O
O
s=1
T
T
L1
0 I
L
1
Te
0
C
x
O
L2
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=
Speed
Speed
s=0
0
Ns
2Ns
G
OG=Gen
Current
1
Slip 0
Slip -1
OG=Mech I/p
s=
-ve
G
(Generator)
L2G=Active power
sc
PGmax
OL2=reactive power
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
More efficiency
Therefore, it may be concluded that
High rotor resistance at starting
Low rotor resistance at running
are the desirable features.
Air Gap
Less Flux lines
Magnetic
Material
Conductor
Parallel
sided bar
Trapezoidal
bar
L-bar
T-bar
Magnetic
Material
Resistance decreases.
Magnetic
Material
r1
I1
jx1
Ic
V1
Rc
I2
I0
jx2
I
jXm
r2/s
B
x
Types
ab
Slit
Heat
conduction
Dumb-bell
slotting
Staggered
slotting
B
x
b >> a
a
Zb >> Za
Slit
Heat
conduction
B
x
Less resistance
Good operating characteristics
ab
Slit
Heat
conduction
r1 I jx1
1
Equivalent
Circuit Diagram
Ic
V1
I2
I0
jx2
Rc
jXm
r2/s
Rc
I3
I0
jx3
I
jXm
r3/s
Rc
I0
jx2
I3
jx3
r2/s
r3/s
I2
jXm
I2
I3
Te =
s
s 2 ns s
rotor voltage
Top cage rotor current, I2 =
r2
jx2
s
rotor voltage
Bottom cage rotor current, I3 =
r3
jx3
s
2
Te2
Te3
r3
2
x3
r2
s
=
2
r3
r2
2
x2
s
Bottom cage
0
1
Speed
Slip
Ns
1. T-s characteristics
Double cage
Wide range of torque slip ch
can be obtained by choice of
top and bottom cage
Te
Single cage
0
1
Speed
Slip
Ns
0
2. Starting performance
In case of double cage,
higher starting torque can
be obtained
Double cage
Te
Single cage
0
1
Speed
Slip
Ns
0
Double cage
Te
Single cage
0
1
Speed
Slip
Ns
0
low efficiency
4. Circle diagram
At the time of start, rb+jxb >> ra+jxa, Zb >> Za
More Current flows through A
y
Double Cage
V1
Single Cage
A
B
Example
A 4 pole, 50Hz, double cage induction motor has
the following per phase parameters referred to
stator.
Stator: r1 = 0.5, x1 = 1.5
Rotor: Top cage: r2 = 2, x2 = 0.6
Bottom cage: r3 = 0.4, x3 = 3.4
Solution
The equivalent circuit diagram with I0=0 is
r1 I jx1
1
V1
0.5 1.5 I2
0.6
2/s
I3
jx3 3.4
jx2
r2/s
r3/s 0.4/s
Z 0.5 j1.5
2.4 j4
1.657 j2.5043
3.00356.510
1
133.2 2 1.157 130.68 Nm
50
Pf at starting cos56.51 0.5518 Lagging
Total impedance at full load is
2
0.4
j0.6
j3.4
0.04
0.04
8.985 j3.769
Z 0.5 j1.5
2.4
j4
0.04
9.74322.76
400
A
9.743
2
1 400
8.485
50 9.743
F L stator current, I1
F L torque, Tefl
91.05 Nm
Example
Starting of 3-ph IM
Induction motors find wide application in
electrical drives because of
1. constructional advantages
2. robustness
3. cheapness
In industry, in order to attain
high productivity
Starting of SCIM
Depends on
1. Size of motor
2. Type of load and
3. Capacity of supply lines
There are principally TWO methods
1. Full voltage starting or Direct-on-Line starting
3-ph Supply
Rotor
Stator
Fig: Direct- On-Line starting
r2
I2
Te
s
s
2
Test
I 2 st r2 / 1
2
Tefl
I 2 fl r2 / s fl
I 2 st
I
2 fl
s fl
I1st
I2st
Rotor Turns
=
Stator turns
I1fl
Test
Tefl
I2st
I2fl
I1st
I1fl
I sc
sfl
1fl
sfl
2. Auto-transformer starting
3. Star-delta starting
1. Stator reactor (or resistor) starting
V1
xV1
Rotor
Stator
3V1
Stator Reactor
Fig: Stator Reactor starting
V1
xV1
Rotor
Stator
3V1
Stator Reactor
Fig: Stator Reactor starting
Reactors are more costly than resistors.
But reactors are preferred due to
1. Low power loss in reactors
2. Effective reduction in voltage applied to stator
V1
V1
Vr
VL
I1
I1
VR
xV1
V1
Rotor
Stator
3V1
Stator Reactor
Fig: Stator Reactor starting
The starting current is I1st xV1 / Z 1
The short circuit current is I sc V1 / Z 1
I1st xI sc
Test
Tefl
Thus,
I1st
I1fl
2 I sc
sfl x
I
fl
sfl
2. Auto-transformer starting
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
I st xI sc
Rotor
Stator
2. Auto-transformer starting
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
Rotor
Stator
I st xI sc
Test
Tefl
I1st
I1fl
sfl
2 I sc
x
Ifl
sfl
2. Auto-transformer starting
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
Rotor
Stator
I st xI sc
xV1
xV1
I st xI sc
Rotor
Stator
2. Auto-transformer starting
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
I st xI sc
Rotor
Stator
3. Star-Delta starting
For star, 3 terminals of stator wdg are required.
For delta, 6 terminals are required.
Now make delta
Connection.
R Y B
Stator
2- Run - Delta
TPDT
1- Start - Star
Rotor
Rotor
Rotor
Ist.y
Starting line current with Y- starter
=
Starting line current with stator in 3 Ist.d
1
3
(V1/3)2
Starting torque with Y- starting
=
=
2
Starting torque with stator in
V1
Example
Determine the % tapping of the auto-transformer so
that the supply current during starting of IM does not
exceed 1.5 times full load current. The short circuit current
on normal voltage is 4.5 times the full load current and the
full load slip is 3%. Calculate the ratio of starting torque
full load torque.
Solution
V1
IL=1.5IFL
Isc=4.5IFL
IL/Isc=0.333
IL
xV1
xV1
In auto-transformer
I st xI sc
IL/Isc=x2
Rotor
Stator
x=0.577
Test
Now
Tefl
I1st
I1fl
2 I sc
sfl x
I
fl
0.333 4.5
sfl
2 0.03
0.202
V1
IL
xV1
xV1
I st xI sc
Rotor
Stator
Example
The short circuit line current of a 6hp IM is 3.5 times
its full load current, the stator of which is arranged for star
delta starting. The supply voltage is 400V, full load effn is
82% and full load power factor is 0.85% (lag).
Calculate the line current at the instant of starting.
Neglect magnetizing current.
Solution
6hp IM,
Isc=3.5IFL
Star-delta starting
Isc (line) =3.5 IFL
Voltage =400V
FL=82%, pf=0.85 (lag)
P=3 VLILcos
1
6 746
IFL= I L
0.82 3 400 0.85
Isc=3.5IFL=3.5x5.34
=18.73A
At the instant of starting, motor wdg is in star
For star, line current is equal to phase current.
Starting of SRIM
All the methods used for SCIM can also be used
for SRIM
But the justification of name SR is done if this motor is
Starting of SRIM
Rotor
in Star
Stator
Rotor
in Delta
R3
R2
R2
n-1
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
n+1
Rn
r2
Rotor
Rn= Rn+ r2
R3
R2
R2
n-1
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
n+1
Rn
r2
Rotor
I1max
I1min
OFF
1
R1
R1
R3
R2
R2
n-1
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
n+1
Rn
r2
Rotor
I1max s1
ON
V1
2
R1'
RTH
x2 XTH 2
s1
Speed increases
I1min
OFF
1
R1
R1
I1min
n-1
R3
R2
R2
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
n+1
Rn
Rotor
I1max
V1
2
R1'
RTH
x2 XTH 2
s1
I1min
r2
V1
2
When supply is given,
R1' handle is at2 stud 1
RTH
x2 XTH
-Off- total rotor
resistance
is R1
s2
N
The input current shoots up to I1max
I1max s1 s2
ON
Speed increases
Current decreases to I1min
Slip decreases to s2
OFF
1
R1
R1
R3
R2
R2
n-1
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
ON
n+1
Rn
r2
Rotor
I1max s1 s2
I1min
R1
cut
R2'
RTH
x2 XTH
s2
OFF
1
R1
R1
R3
R2
R2
n-1
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
n+1
Rn
ON
r2
Rotor
V1
I
R'
Resistance decreases,
to I1max
RTH 2 current
x2 XTHincreases
2
s3
with
same
speed
and
slip=s2
N
V1
I1max
2
R'
RTH 2 x2 XTH 2
t
s2
I1max s1 s2 s3
I1min
R1
cut
Slip decreases to s3
OFF
1
R1
R1
R3
R2
R2
n-1
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
ON
n+1
Rn
r2
Rotor
1max
I1max s1 s2 s3
I1min
R1 R2
cut cut
R3'
RTH
x2 XTH
s3
OFF
1
R1
R1
n-1
R3
R2
R2
I1min
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
ON
n+1
Rn
r2
V1
Rotor
R3'
2
X
Handle moves
THfrom
stud 22 toTHstud 3
s
4
I1max
I1max s1 s2 s3 s4
I1min
V1
2
R3'
RTH
x2 XTH
s3
R1 R2
cut cut
Slip decreases to s4
OFF
1
R1
R1
n-1
R3
R2
R2
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
ON
n+1
Rn
r2
Rotor
1max
I1max s1 s2 s3 s4
I1min
R1 R2 R3
cut cut cut
R4'
RTH
x2 XTH
s4
OFF
1
R1
R1
n-1
R3
R2
R2
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
R3
n+1
Rn
Rn
r2
Rotor
....... n n 1 2 2
sn 1 s m s fl
s1
s2
s3
sn
sm=sfl if I1max=Ifl
From equ n 1, R1 '
ON
(1)
s1
r
r2 2
sm
sm
(2)
s4
sn 1 s m
s2 s3
(3)
OFF
1
R1
R1
n-1
R3
R2
R2
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
ON
n+1
Rn
Rn
r2
Rotor
(4)
r2
R2 ' R3 ' Rn 1 '
, (assume) (5)
Rn '
R1 ' R2' Rn '
R2 ' R1 '
R3 ' R2 ' 2 R1 '
Rn 1 ' n R1 '
r2 n R1 '
From equn 2,
s m
n
or
(6)
r2
sm 1/ n
r2
sm
(7)
OFF
1
R1
R1
n-1
R3
R2
R2
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
n+1
Rn
ON
r2
Rotor
OFF
1
R1
R1
R3
R2
R2
n-1
R3
n
Rn-1
Rn-1
Rn
n+1
Rn
ON
r2
Rotor
sm
5. Calculate R2 = R1
R1 is referred to stator
In order to calculate actual
value of rotor resistance
6. Calculate Rn = n-1 R1
transfer R1 to rotor
4. Calculate R1 = R1(1-)
Example
V1
2
RTH 2 x2 XTH
s
V1
s
1FL
and X
r2
V1
sm
r2
2 I1FL
V1
sm
r2
V1
V
(0.02) 1 sm
r2
r2
1/n
Here no of sections are 5 (sm ) = 0.525
sm 0.04
R1=r2/sm = 0.75
OFF
1 0.356 2 0.187 3
R1
R1
R2
R2
0.098
R3
R3
ON
4 0.052 5 0.027 6
R4
Rn-1
Rn
R5
r2
0.03
Rotor
Speed control of IM
In industrial application, for wide speed range
and for smooth speed control, DC motors are preferred
But it is required to convert AC to DC.
The capital cost of DC motor is higher than AC motor.
Due to this reasons, preference is given to IM.
IM is 1. Cheaper 2. Robust in construction
speed.
This method is suitable for SCIM since rotor wdg adjust
automatically.
For WRIM, rotor wdg must be designed for same no of poles.
Consider 4 coils of one phase
Upward
flux
1
S
N
Downward
flux
2
S
N
a
b
c
d
If b is connected to c
a
3
S
8 poles
OR
c
d
Series connection, 8 poles, low speed
Parallel,
8 poles,
low speed
a
b
c
d
Now connect b to d
2
N
a
b
c
d
Now connect b to d
3
S
N
4 poles
a
b
c
d
2
N
3
S
4 poles
Conclusions
In wdg if current flows from a to b and from c to d,
8 poles ( Low speed) are produced
In wdg if current flows from a to b and from d to c,
4 poles ( High speed) are produced
c b
b
B
R
Y
d b
R
=
a
b
B
b
c
b
d
c
R
a
c
d
R
d
a
Parallel Star, 4 poles, High speed
2
P
F
sin
FY
3
2
2
P
F
sin
FB
2
3
F
sin
F
sin
FMR M 2 FMY M 2
3
2
PM
F
sin
,
, FMB M
3
2
PM
P
FR = FR x RMR F sin FM sin
2
2
1
P - PM
P PM
FFM cos
cos
2
2
2
2
PM
P
F
sin
F
sin
FY = FY x RMY
M
3
3
2
2
1
4
P - PM
P PM
FFM cos
cos
2
3
2
1
2
P - PM
P PM
FFM cos
cos
2
3
2
FB = FB x RMB
PM
F
sin
FMR M , F FM sin PM 2 ,
MY
2
3
2
2
PM
F
sin
,
FMB M
3
2
P-P
P PM
M
cos
FR FFM cos
2
2
FY
1
2
P - PM
P PM
FFM cos
cos
2
3
2
2
1
2
P - PM
P PM
cos
FB FFM cos
2
3
2
2
1
4.44TphKw
V
f
2
1. Slip at max torque, smt
RTH jXTH jx 2
2
2
s
Neglecting stator impedance, mt x
2 f L2
2
Test
Neglect RTH+r2
VTH
3
r2 Nm
2
2
s RTH r2 XTH x2
2
VTH
3
Test
r2
2
2 ns XTH x2
VTH 2
3 P
r2
Test
2
2
2 2f 2 f LTH l2
K
1
f3
X
TH
TH
Neglect RTH
VTH 2
3
Tem
2 ns 2 XTH x2
Tem
VTH 2
3 P
2 2f 2 2 f LTH l2
1
f2
Te
Tem
f1
Test
0
1
f2
f
3
f4
Speed
Slip
smt2smt1
Ns
0
3. Tem is independent of f.
Te
f1
f2
f
3
f4
0
1
Speed
Slip
smt2smt1
Ns
0
3. Tem is independent of f.
Te
f1
f2
f
3
f4
0
1
Speed
Slip
smt2smt1
Ns
0
So Tem decreases
f4< f3< f2< f1
It is desirable to
increase voltage at
lower frequency
to maintain Tem
constant.
Example
Solution
I1
j2.0
j2.0
a
V1= 400/3
ZTH = RTH+jXTH
0.3/s
j48.0
r1 jx 1 jX m
j x1 X m
RTH = 0.768
XTH = 1.92
b
VTH
V1 Xm 400/ 3 48
222V
x1 Xm
50
j2.0
0.768 I j1.92
1
0.3/s
VTH=222V
a) Starting Current
I st n
I st d
222
2
0.3
2
0.768
1.92 2
1
222/2
2
0.3 3.92
0.768
1 2
54.7A
49.7A
Starting Current
is reduced
Starting pf
r2
1.068
cos st n
Z2
1.068 2 3.92 2
cos st d
1.068
2
3.92
1.068
2
2
0.768 I j1.92
0.263 1
0.478
V =222V
TH
Starting pf
0.3/s
is improved
smt.n
smt.n
0.768 2 3.92 2
4.00
0.3
0.075
4
222
2
0.3
0.768
3.92
0.075
35.9A
j2.0
0.3
smt.d
smt.d
3.92
2
0.768
2.105
2
0.3
0.1427
2.105
222/2
2
0.3 3.92
0.768
0.1427 2
31.9A
cos mt d
0.826
b) Starting torque
Test.n
Test.d
3
r
3
54.7
I st.n 2 2
50
s
s
3
49.7
25
2 0.3
1
17.16
Starting torque
is increased
0.3
28.32
1
Maximum torque
3
35.9 2 4 98.6Nm
50
3
31.9 2 2.105 81.8Nm
25
Tem.n
Tem.d
81.8Nm
Te
28.32Nm
17.16Nm
0
1
Max torque
is reduced
98.6Nm
50Hz
25Hz
Speed
Slip
Ns
3
222 2
0.3
T
eFL.n
TeFL.d
2
50
0.03
0.3
2
0.768
3.92
0.03
2
222/2
3
0.3
2
2
25
0.3 3.92 s
0.768
s
2
2
2
0.3 3.92
0.768
2
s
2
s
25 222
1
2
50 111
0.03
0.3
2
0.768
3.92
0.03
s 0.3415s 0.0203 0
2
s 0.0757
and s 0.265
Te
28.32Nm
17.16Nm
s=0.03
0
1
81.8Nm
98.6Nm
25Hz
Speed
Slip
Ns
3. Variation of Line
Voltage
2
m
Te
s
VTH
2
r2
2
XTH x2
s
RTH
r2
Nm
s
1. Rheostats
2. Reactors
3. Auto-transformer
4. Thyristors in series with wdg.
V1
Te
V1/2
0
1
Speed
Slip
TL
Ns
0
N2
N1
Te KTH
s
r2
Te
or s
r2
KTH
Rotor
in Delta
Tem
smt
r2
RTH 2 X 2
KTH
2 RTH RTH 2 X 2
r2 r2 r2 r2
TL
0
1
Ns
Speed
Slip N4 0
N1
N2
smt1
smt2
N3
Advantages:
1. Simple 2. It is possible to obtain max Test.
3. Low starting current
Disadvantages
1. Speed below syn speed can only be obtained
2. Reduced effn at low speed due to more rotor ohmic loss
3. Poor speed regulation
With negligible r1, the slip at max torque is
This can be written as
smt
R2
,
X
smt
r2
X
Te
2
,
s
s
Temt
mt
smt
s
R2 X smt
s2
R2
TL1 s1 R2
TL2 s2 r2
s2
R2 r2
s1
s1
r2
TL1
TL2
f2=s1f1
AIM
2
SCIM or SRIM
f2=s1f1
AIM
2
SRIM
Ns2
120f2
P2
P1
120f1
(1 s1)
P1
120f2
P2
120f1
(1 s1)
P1
120s 1f1
P2
(1 s1) P2
1
s1
P1
P1
Nr2
120f2
(1 s2 )
P2
or s1
P2
P2 P1
Nr
120f1
P
(1 2 )
P1
P1 P2
120f1
P1 P2
Nr
120s 1f1
120f1
(1 s2 )
(1 s1 )
P2
P1
120f1
120f1
(1 s1 )
P1 P2
P1
1) Lablank Exciter
stator
Arm
wdg
stator
Stator Ring
Arm wdg
f
MIM
FC
1) Lablank Exciter
stator
Arm
wdg
stator
Stator Ring
Arm wdg
Voltage
regulating
device
f
MIM
FC
1) Lablank Exciter
stator
Arm
wdg
stator
Stator Ring
Arm wdg
Voltage
regulating
device
f
MIM
FC
1) Lablank Exciter
Thus at any speed, fb is equal to slip freq
and suitable for injection into rotor circuit if IM
If brush voltage is less than IM slip voltage, current flows
RYB
Voltage
regulating
device
f
MIM
FC
1) Lablank Exciter
Constant Power Drive
RYB
RYB
f
MIM
Syn
Nr=Ns(1-s) M/c
Syn
Motor
1) Lablank Exciter
Constant Power Drive
RYB
RYB
f
MIM
Syn
Nr=Ns(1-s) M/c
1) Lablank Exciter
Constant Power Drive
RYB
RYB
f
MIM
Syn
Nr=Ns(1-s) M/c
freq=f(1-s)
FC
Power is taken and fed to same shaft
Therefore, constant power drive
Syn
Motor
2) Kramer System
RYB
Voltage
regulating
device
f
MIM
ACM
3) Scherbius System
RYB
RYB
f
MIM
Voltage
regulating
device
ACM
AIM
Power changes
RYB
Transformer
Inductor
Phase
Shifter
MIM
Bridge A
Bridge B
RYB
Transformer
Inductor
Phase
Shifter
MIM
Bridge A
Bridge B
RYB
Transformer
Inductor
Phase
Shifter
MIM
Bridge A
Bridge B
Electrical Braking of IM
1. Regenerative braking
Regenerative = returning useful energy back to
Ns N N N N N
lines
This braking takes place the load forces to run the motor
above syn speed. For example, cranes or hoists
Slip becomes negative and IM operates as IG.
If regenerative braking is
Te
8 poles 4 poles
applied at A
Poles are changed from 4 to 8
A shifts to B
A
TL
D
Slip = (OC-OB)/OC = -ve
N
0 Speed
s
B shifts to C
1 Slip
0
C
C shifts to D
B
From B to D, regenerative
braking and IG operation
1. Regenerative braking
Suitable for SCIM
It is not required to change no of poles of rotor
B
TL
A
Te
8 poles 4 poles
0 Speed
1 Slip
C
TL
D
A
Ns
0
-Te
+Te
2. Plugging:
NN
NNNNNNNN
sN
sN
or Counter-Current braking
Any two leads are interchanged. The direction of rotating
magnetic field gets reversed. The Te gets reversed.
This is a braking torque which stops motor quickly.
At C supply should be disconnected to stop the motor.
Pt A to B
otherwise motor starts in
Te Motoring
reverse direction
Againg if E
plugging is
-Ns
done
2
D to E
E to F
Braking
TL
and F to A
Motoring
B to C
F
0 Speed
1 Slip
C
Braking
C to D
TL
T1
Ns
Tb=TL+T1
2. Plugging:
or Counter-Current braking
Before plugging, s = (Ns-Nr)/Ns = 1-(Nr/Ns)
(Nr/Ns) = 1-s
Braking
TL
and F to A
Motoring
Pt A to B
Te Motoring
F
0 Speed
1 Slip
C
B to C
Braking
C to D
TL
T1
Ns
Tb=TL+T1
B to C
To stop
motor, at C
Disconnect
supply
R2 is
cut
I to J
and J to A
2
F
D
TL
E
Motoring
0 Speed
1 Slip
C
Braking
T1
T1
C to D
Ns
0 Tb=TL+T1
B
At D, R2
is cut
Pt D to E
E to F
Disadvantages of Plugging
1. Due to more current, there is more power loss
It is required to limit stator current.
2. To stop the IM, it is required to disconnect
the motor from supply.
otherwise IM will rotate in opposite direction.
To stop
G
motor, at H
Disconnect
supply
-N
H to I
R2 is
cut
I to J
and J to A
2
F
Braking
D
TL
E
Motoring
To stop
motor, at C
Disconnect
supply
Te Motoring
J
H
0 Speed
1 Slip
C
TL I
Braking
T1
T1
C to D
Ns
0 Tb=TL+T1
B
At D, R2
is cut
Pt D to E
E to F
3. DC Dynamic Braking
or Rheostatic or AC Dynamic Braking
The disadvantages of plugging are removed in dynamic
braking.
Dynamic braking requires less power.
Under normal operating condition
Stator - Rotating Magnetic Field - Ns
Faster sNs
Rotor - Te -
Slower
Rotates - Nr
Slower
Rotor - Teb
Rotates - Nr
Faster Ns(1-s)=
NsS
This Teb is dynamic braking torque.
Teb depends on 1. DC source. 2. Rotor resistance 3. Speed
Ns=0
Nr
Ns N N
Circuit Diagram
DC
AC
R1
Stator
R1 is connected to limit
stator current
Additional rotor resistance
Rotor
Circuit Diagram
AC
Rectifier
R1
Stator
Rotor
Transformer
I
VDC
jXm
r2/S
I1
I1
I0
x1 = 0, and no stator core loss
I2r2
SE2
I2 jI2Sx2
Ted =
Te
3
r
I2 2 2
s
S
R2 < R2< R2
0 Speed
1 Slip
Ted
TL
A
Ns
0
r2
Ted
R2
R2
R2
increases with increase in rotor circuit resistance
MMFAC = 3 ImN
2
IDC N
60
IDC N
3IDC N
MMFDC = 3IDC N
Advantages of
Dynamic Braking
1. Smooth stop
Example
A 400V, 50Hz, 4 pole, 3-ph star connected IM
has the following data:
Stator leakage impedance per phase = 0.5+j1.2
Standstill rotor leakage impedance per phase referred to
stator =0.3 + j1.0
Full load slip = 0.05
No load current is assumed negligible
a) Determine the initial braking torque soon after plugging
b) Determine the initial dynamic braking torque when DC
is fed to the two phases in series to produce the same air
gap flux
If an external resistance of 1.2 per phase and referred to
stator is inserted in the rotor circuit, find how the
3
Te
s
r1
V1 2
V1
r2
1
x1 x2
s
r2
2
x1 x2
s
r2
3
s
eFL
50
230.95 2
2
0.3
2
0.5
1.2 1
0.05
129.8Nm
0.3
0.05
50
230.95 2
0.3
29.74Nm
1.95
0.3
2
0.5
1.2 1
1.95
Z 1 r1 jx 1 0.5 j1.2
Z1 Z2
r
0.3
Z2 2 jx2
j1.0 E2 204.72V
s
0.03
E2
2
r2
2
x2
S
204.72
2
0.3
2
1
0.95
195.28A
3
I2 247.81A
2
3
r2
3
I2 2
202.342 0.3 247.04Nm
s
S
50
0.95
IDC
Dynamic Braking Torque, TeDC
204.72
0.3 1.2
2
1
0.95
Dynamic BrakingTorque,TeDC
109.47A
3
2 1.5
109.47
361.55Nm
50
0.95
3
3
109.47 134.07A
I2
2
2
Example
A 3-ph, 50Hz, 8 pole, SCIM,
has the following data:
Standstill rotor leakage impedance per phase = 0.4+j2.0
Maximum torque = 150Nm
Full load output = 6kW at slip 0.05
If stator impedance, magnetizing current and rotational
2f1
Ns
P
Due to fifth harmonic component, the syn speed is 2f N
Ns5 1 s
(in opposite direction)
5P 5
Due to seventh harmonic component, the syn speed is
2f1 Ns
Ns7
fundamental speed if
K = 6m+1, in the same direction
= 6m-1, in opposite direction, where m=1,2,3...
5
5
1 5(1 s)
6 5s
f25 f1 s5 f1 (6 5s)
The Torque-slip ch is
Te
-Ns
2
0.2
0
1
0.14
Ns
0
2Ns
-1
The Torque-slip ch is
Te
-Ns
2
0.2
0
1
0.14
Ns
0
2Ns
-1
The Torque-slip ch is
Te
A
-Ns
2
0.2
0
1
0.14
TL
Ns
0
2Ns
-1
1, by Stator
P
2S2
1, by Rotor
P
Consider S1=24 and S2=28,
so that for stator, 11 is backward and 13 is forward
so that for rotor, 13 is backward and 15 is forward
2S2
2S1
1
1
P
P
S1 S2
S
U
H
B