Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Protection of TF Gen
Protection of TF Gen
& Transformers
Presented By:
Er. H.S. Dhaliwal
Assistant Professor,
Deptt. Of Electrical Engg
BHSBIET, Lehragaga.
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Introduction
In a generating station the generator and transformer
are the most expensive equipments and hence it is
desirable to employ a protective system to isolate the
faulty equipment as quickly as possible to keep the
healthy section in normal operation and to ensure
uninterruptable power supply.
The basic electrical quantities those are likely to
change during abnormal fault conditions are current,
voltage, phase angle and frequency . Protective relays
utilizes one or more of these quantities to detect
abnormal conditions in a power system.
Protection of
Transformers
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Transformer
A Transformer is a device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductorsthe
transformer's coils. A varying current in the
first or primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and
thus a varying magnetic field through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic
field induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding.
This effect is called mutual induction.
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Transformer
Power Transformers
Power transforms are required to raise or
lower down the level of voltage at the
substations according to the requirement of
transmission or distribution of the substation.
Various size transformers are available at the
substation. The rating of power transformers
is of several hundreds of MVA.
Power Transformer
Faults on Transformer
10-12% of total faults occurring in the power
system are due to the faults on the Transformers.
The following are the major causes of faults in
transformers:
1. Insulation Failure
2. Faults in tap-changer
3. Faults in bushing
4. Faults in protection circuit
5. Overloading, Overvoltage
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Protection
Earth faults
1. Differential protection
2. Earth fault relay
Overloads
1. Horn gaps
2. Surge arrestors
3. R-C Surge suppressors
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Transformer Connections
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Transformer Connections
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Buccholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a gas- actuated relay
installed in oil-immersed transformers for
protection against all kind of faults. It is used
to gives an alarm in case of slow developing
faults or incipient faults in the transformer
and to disconnect the transformer from the
supply in the event of severe internal faults. It
is installed in the pipe between the
conservator and main tank as shown in fig11
below. This relay is used in oil-immersed
transformers of rating above 750 kVA.
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Buccholz Relay
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Buchholz Relay
Petcock
Counter balance
weight
Alarm bucket
Mercury switch
Oil level
To oil
conservator
From transformer
Trip bucket
Aperture adjuster
Drain plug
Deflector plate
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Differential Protection
Overall differential protection may be justified for larger
transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the restricted
earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain stability
for heavy through fault current
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Differential Protection
The differential protection used for
transformers is based on the principle of
current circulation. This type of protection is
mostly used for transformers as this
responds not only to inter turn fault but also
provides protection against phase-to-phase
faults.
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Differential Protection
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Differential Protection
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Differential Protection
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Differential Connections
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Use of Interposing CT
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Overfluxing Protection
Generator transformers
Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can
be caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Flux V
f
Effects of overfluxing :
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2
m
CAUSES
Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
Ie
EFFECTS
Tripping of differential element (Transient
overfluxing)
Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
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Overfluxing Relay
Ex
VT
AVR
RL
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Protection of
Generators
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Alternator
An alternator is an electromechanical device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
in the form of alternating current.
Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field but
linear alternators are occasionally used. In
principle, any AC electrical generator can be
called an alternator, but usually the word refers
to small rotating machines driven by automotive
and other internal combustion engines.
Alternators in power stations driven by steam
turbines are called turbo-alternators.
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Alternator design
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Principle of operation
Alternators generate electricity using the same
principle as DC generators, namely, when the magnetic
field around a conductor changes, a current is induced
in the conductor. Typically, a rotating magnet, called
the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors
wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The
field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced
EMF(Electro-Magnetic Field), as the mechanical input
causes the rotor to turn.
The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in
the stator windings. Often there are three sets of stator
windings, physically offset so that the rotating
magnetic field produces a three phase current,
displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each
other.
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Faults on Alternator
6-8% of total faults occurring in the power system
is due to the alternator faults. The following are
the major causes of fault on an alternator:
1. Stator Faults
2. Rotor Faults
3. Abnormal conditions
4. Faults in associated equipment
5. Faults in protective system
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Alternator Protection
The following types of protection can be provided to the
alternators:
- Differential Protection
- Stator Earth fault protection
- Negative phase sequence protection
- Protection against unbalanced loading
- Inter-turn fault protection
- Reverse power protection
- Field failure protection
- Rotor earth fault protection
- Temperature sensors in slots
- Over current relays in stator & rotor circuits
-Surge arrestors for surge overvoltage
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Differential Protection
CTs are provided at each end of the generator
winding which is to be protected.(as shown in
fig.)
When there is no fault the differential current (I1I2) through the relay is zero. So the relay will not
operate.
When the fault occurs the balance is disturbed
and differential current (I1-I2) flows through the
operating coil of the relay causing relay operation
and the trip circuit of the circuit breaker is closed.
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Differential Protection
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Rotor Faults
Faults in the rotor circuit may be either earth
faults or between the turns of the field winding .
Field circuits are normally operated un-earthed.
So a single earth fault will not affect its operation.
But when a second fault arises then field winding
is short circuited and produce unsymmetrical
field system which leads to unbalanced forces on
rotor and results in excess pressure and bearing
and shaft distortion.
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Overvoltages
Atmospheric surge voltages are caused by direct
lightening strokes to the aerial lines in the HV
system. These high voltage surges can reach to
the generator via transformer. To protect the
generator from severe voltage surges, surge
arrestors and surge capacitors may be used.
Switching surges may cause high transient
overvoltage if the restriking occurs across the
contacts of the circuit breakers. These surges can
also be eliminated by surge arrestors.
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Overload Protection
Overloading of the machine causes overheating
in the stator winding.
This can be prevented by using over-current relay
with time delay adjustment.
But overheating not only depends on overcurrent but also the failure of the cooling system
in the generator.
So temperature detector coils such as thermistors
or thermocouples are used at various points in
stator winding for indication of the temperature.
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Thermal Overloading
Continuous overloading may increase the
winding temperature to such extent that the
insulation will be damaged.
Temperature rise can also be caused by the
failure of cooling system. In large machined
the cooling system is utmost requirement.
Failure of cooling system will cause severe rise
in temperature of winding.
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Unbalanced loading
Continuous unbalance loads equal to the rated
current can cause dangerous heating of the
cylindrical rotor in turbo-generators.
Unbalanced loading on generator may be due to:
- unsymmetrical faults near the generating
station
- mal-operation of a circuit-breaker near the
generating station
Negative sequence protection senses the
unbalanced loading of alternator.
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When fresh air is used for cooling purposes, a special air-intake fitting is
provided on the intake side in place of the air-intake openings.
A hose is used to draw in cool, dust-free air from outside the engine
compartment.
It is particularly advisable to use the fresh-air intake method when enginecompartment temperatures exceed 80C and when a high-power
alternator is used. With the compact alternator, the fresh-air method can
be applied for cooling the rectifiers and the regulator
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Other Protections
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THANKS
Presented By:
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