Wireless IP: Marko Ovaska 1998

Wireless IP
Marko Ovaska
1998
Introduction to the Wireless IP

Basic concepts
MOWGLI
WAP
NOKIA
wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv
page: 1
Levels of analysis in this presentation
Products
Markets
Wireless local network
wireless LANs
Specifications, RFCs, draft specs

Wireless LAN: IEEE 802.11, (MobileIP), WAP, Mowgli
Protocols
MOWGLI, WAP protocols
Principles, Requirements
wireless environment
NOKIA
page: 2
Wireless IP
Wireless environment
mobility
Internet protocol in wireless environment

Non-tcp/ip solutions
NOKIA
networks
Mowgli
WAP
page: 3
Wireless Networking
Wireless networking is the basic obstacle to be solved for the mobile

computing
Wireless media has different characteristics than the current wired

networks
Data networking protocols are optimized for the current wired networks
The protocols are not efficient in the wireless environments
Wireless network can be categorized to:
Wireless LANs
Wireless WANs
GSM, GPRS, CDPD, CDMA, PHS, DoCoMo, Ricochet
Microcell
NOKIA
IEEE 802.11
Bluetooth
page: 4
Wireless Network
The wireless network properties differ from the wireline one
latency
802.11: round-trip 2 ms
normal tcp buffer size: 8KB, some W-WANs latency*bandwidth exceeds
this
GSM: 0.7 s with one byte packet

extra kilo adds round trip time 0.6 seconds per kilo
tcp throughput is related to latency: high latency, low throughput
interactive applications suffer from long latency times
jitter
error rate
non-transparency data connection in GSM offers less than 10-8 bit error rate
however this results in highly variable transmission delays
example: 10Mbs LAN has an average of below 10-9 bit error rate
throughput: wireless networks could be characterized "thin

unexpected disconnections
NOKIA
will the underlying protocol support recovery?
page: 5
Mobility
The mobile wireless networking architecture
a wireless link
a base station (access point)
a wireline link and landline internet
Wireless mobile device
a wireless mobile device (mobile node)
a laptop, cellular phone, personal communicator

different communication needs: office workstation vs cellular phone vs pager
transmission: packet data vs circuit switched
level of mobility
travels from home network to foreign network
full mobility, roaming from network to network
Wireless link can consist of several hops

Base station is an intermediating agent
NOKIA
connects the mobile device to wirelined world, acts as a proxy
page: 6
Wireless components
Internet
(HER, MGBR)
Mobile node
NOKIA
page: 7
Typical IP network architecture

ADSL
PSTN/ISDN, (PR)
PC
File Edit LocateView
Topology
Network
Traffic
Help
Help
Mount
431
7437
1950
79%
/
GSM
PC
Topology
Network
Traffic
HUB/SWITCH
Help
Help
ACCESS ROUTER
Mount
431
7437
1950
79%
/
SWITCH/ROUTER
PC
Topology
Network
Traffic
Help
Help
Mount
431
7437
1950
79%
/
(BOR,MRR)
PC
Topology
Network
Traffic
EDGE ROUTER
Help
Help
Mount
431
7437
1950
79%
/
(MRR, HER, MGBR)

ACCESS SERVER
PC
Topology
Network
Traffic
HUB/SWITCH
Help
Help
Mount
431
7437
1950
79%
/
Internet
(HER, MGBR)
PC
Topology
Network
Traffic
NOKIA
Help
Help
Mount
431
7437
1950
79%
/
page: 8
Mobile node
Internet Protocol
Internet protocols are optimized for megabit per second wireline connections
Wireless networking solutions
unrelated to IP
solutions on the top of the IP
LEO and GEO satellite links
IP packets checksum might not be strong enough
MobileIP, optimized IP and TCP, modified TCP
researched:
WAP, Mowgli, SNOOP
PPP has 16-bit CRC
IP is end-to-end protocol
NOKIA
designed to operate in a rather homogenous network
page: 9
IP cont.
Purely IP based wireless internet

Link layer enchangements:
forward error correction

retransmissions
improved error detection
MobileIP solves the addressing and routing problem
TCP might be heavy solution to tackle the wireless problem
Path MTU discovery helps to set more optimized end-to-end
lightweight mobile devices: communication needs versus protocol overhead
Compatibility is a strong need
NOKIA
page: 10
TCP/IP cont.
TCP optimization
slow start termination/modification
how will the networks congestion propagate, if slow start is abandoned?
Increased initial sending window
TCP header compression
IP payload compression
some or most of the data is already compressed
files transferred over ftp, published pictures in web
fast retransmit and fast recovery
NOKIA
multiple ACKs notify the sender to adjust the send window and initiate fast
retransmissions of the lost packet
scheduling in TCP
fairness: fair queuing, class-based queues
throughput
page: 11
Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN specified in IEEE 802.11 spec

Guarantees multi hardware vendor interoperability
Main features:
Robust
NOKIA
Data acknowledgement, RTS/CTS, data fragmentation
Multi channel roaming. Allows multiple cells resulting in higher capasitity

Power management
Automatic rate selection from 1Mbps to 2Mbps
Security WEP (wired equivalent privacy)
page: 12
Wireless LAN architecture
Cell consists of work stations and an access point
Access points are interconnected via distribution system (ethernet)

The interconnected network forms an extended service set
NOKIA
Portal connects different 802 based LANs
page: 13
MAC similar to IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

Offers common access to three physical layer interfaces
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Infrared
Medium access control layer
DSSS
PHY
NOKIA
FHSS
PHY
page: 14
IR
PHY
MAC features
message fragmentation
CSMA/CD with acknowledgement
exponential random backoff after successful

sending, in collision and retransmission
RTS/CTS protocol
data
handles interference
less impact for lost messages
permission to send
DSSS physical layer features
NOKIA
2 Mbps raw data rate with a fallback to 1 Mbps

2.4 GHz band
US - 11 overlapping channels
ETS - 13 overlapping channels
Japan - 1 channel
page: 15
ack
Station joins a cell
find a cell: beacon frame or

active probe request
authentication
association
Wireless distribution system
wireless bridges
Automatic rate selection

1Mbps / 2Mbps
Multi channel roaming
Roaming from cell to cell:
not in the specification!
Synchronization
NOKIA
beacon frames
frequency hopping
power saving
page: 16
Frame formats
MAC frame
Frame
control
header 30 octets
data 0 to 2321 octets
crc 4 octets
Duration
/ ID
Address
1
Address
2
Address
3
Address
4
Frame
body
ACK frame
header 10 octets
crc 4 octets
Frame
control
NOKIA
Sequence
control
page: 17
Duration
RA
CRC
CRC
Wireless LAN, prices

Card
Aironet Arlan655, ISA, 2Mbps
Aironet Arlan690, PCMCIA, 2Mbps
BreezeCom PCMCIA, 2Mbps
Lucent Wavelan ISA, 2Mbps
Lucent Wavelan PCMCIA, 2Mbps
Price $
813
654
814
545
495
Access Point
Aironet Arlan630, 2Mbps
BreezeCOM, 3Mbps
Lucent WavePOINT II, 2Mbps
Price $
1800
2100
900
Bridges
Aironet wireless bridge, 4Mbps
Aironet wireless bridge, 2Mbps
BreezeCOM wireless bridge
Lucent WavePOINT II (ethernet to
wireless)
Wireless links
BreezeLink 2Mbps, up to 50 km
NOKIA
page: 18
3600
2100
2800 to 3300
1300
5400
MOWGLI
Mowgli is a research project to connect a mobile office workstation to the

internet
funding by Nokia, Digital, Sonera and Ministry of Education
The mobile node is connected via a wireless link to the internet/office network
University of Helsinkis CS department
the link is GSM non-transparent data connection
Architecture:
NOKIA
Mobile node
Wireless link
Mobile-Connection host (MCH)

Fixed host
page: 19
Mowgli architecture
NOKIA
page: 20
Mowgli
Mowgli preserves the socket interface
tcp/ip is replaced
socket interface is modified: wireless environment related extensions
Mowgli data channel service (MDCS)
bidirectional data channel

streamed and message channels (similar to tcp and udp)
256 simultaneous channels
independent per channel flow control
priorities
handles disconnections
closing if idle, reconnections
The MDCS properties are Mowgli socket APIs QoS services
NOKIA
page: 21
Mowgli performance
Measurements:
One 100 Kb file transferred, times in seconds
Network
LAN
WAN
From fixed host to mobile

node
From mobile node to fixed

host
MDCP
TCP
MDCP
TCP
Mean
108,8
139,2
109,2
171,9
Mean
108,4
126,3
109,2
231,2
Min
107,8
116,6
107,5
117,6
Med
108,5
143,1
108,5
154,6
Max
110,2
168,2
116,9
252,7
Min
108,3
114,4
107,1
121,4
Med
108,4
114,7
108,5
152,6
Max
108,6
160,5
115,7
497,1
Three 100 Kb file transferred concurrently, times in seconds
Network
LAN
WAN
NOKIA
Protocol
Protocol
From fixed host to mobile

node
From mobile node to fixed

host
MDCP
TCP
MDCP
TCP
Mean
326,4
513,8
328,5
362,9
Mean
331,5
344,8
339,7
388,9
Min
320,8
413,3
254,6
251,0
page: 22
Med
326,2
495,4
325,6
364,1
Max
330,4
591,4
385,2
480,0
Min
315,8
299,7
307,4
253,0
Med
324,2
325,9
324,1
358,9
Max
494,3
490,9
584,8
759,9
Wireless Application Protocol
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is developed by WAP Forum

WAP Forum is multivendor
First WAP specification 1.0 was released April 1998
the work groups carry on to include a broader representation
WAP is aimed to
grounded by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Unwired Planet
bring Internet content to wireless mobile device
create a global wireless protocol specification to work across different networks
The WAP model resembles WWW-model
NOKIA
page: 23
WAP Model
The WAP model resembles WWW-model

The WAP Gateway contains the protocol conversion services
NOKIA
gateway has internet protocol specific WAP proxies
page: 24
WAP defines
WAP defines
micro-browser, similar to web browser

scripting (WMLScript), similar to JavaScript
telephony support
formalized interfaces for different content types
NOKIA
business cards, calendar events etc.
telecommunication stack
transport
security
session
page: 25
WAP network
NOKIA
page: 26
WAP architecture
The WAP protocol stack replaces tcp/ip in mobile devices
WDP and the bearer

networks handle roaming
WDP has bearer specific

profiles
WTLS is similar to SSL
The WDP unifies the different bearer properties
denial-of-service
protection
WSP offers two interfaces
NOKIA
stream data (TCP)

datagram (UDP)
page: 27
WAP: WDP
Two different WDP bearer specifications:
NOKIA
WDP over GSM circuit switched data connection
page: 28
WAP: WDP cont.
NOKIA
WDP over GPRS
page: 29
WAP: WTA
The WTA (wireless telephony application) allows telephony functionality in the

mobile device
WTA interface contains subspecifications for different networks
calling, incoming call, voice mail

for example: GSM, PDC, IS-136
Examples of the WTA interface:

<WML>
<FORM>
<DO TYPE=ACCEPT TASK=GO
URL=wtai:cc/mc;$(N)/>
Enter phone number:
<INPUT TYPE=TEXT KEY=N/>
</FORM>
</WML>
NOKIA
page: 30
WAP: WTA
<WML>
<COMMON>
<SCRIPT>
function checkNumber(N) {
if (Lang.isInt(N))
WTAI.makeCall(N);
else
Dialog.alert(Bad phone
number);
}
</SCRIPT>
</COMMON>
<FORM>
<DO TYPE=ACCEPT TASK=GO
URL=wtai:cc/mc;$(N)/>
Enter phone number:
<INPUT TYPE=TEXT KEY=N/>
</FORM>
</WML>
NOKIA
page: 31
Markets
The broadband future of online services and Internet access in Europe

(Datamonitor, 1997)
Households (000)
33,6 kb/s and below
56 kb/s + (analogue)
ISDN
Cable modems
XDSL
Digital sat./ wireless
Other broadband
Total
NOKIA
1996
2 625
375
3 000
page: 32
1997
1998
4 715 7 239
872 3 363
872 1 749
116
485
87
396
29
135
18
84
6 709 13 451
1999
8 050
8 175
2 725
1 262
1 001
348
238
21 799
2000
7 100
13 950
3 450
2 408
1 889
733
469
29 999
2001
5 200
20 000
3 800
4 000
3 000
1 200
800
38 000
Markets
Worldwide LAN switch market split by technology, 1995-2001 (Datamonitor,

07/97)
NOKIA
USD millions
ATM
10Mbps
Ethernet
100Mbps
Ethernet
Gigabit
Ethernet
Token ring
IP / L3
switching
Other
1995
140
1 080
1996
340
2 480
1997
650
3 430
1998
1 020
4 150
1999
1 340
4 370
2000
1 700
4 400
2001
2 000
4 450
80
240
610
1 350
2 700
3 900
5 100
50
200
450
950
1 700
100
0
260
0
450
60
600
200
600
420
550
800
450
1 150
100
200
330
400
450
400
350
Total
1 500
3 520
5 580
page: 33
7 920 10 330 12 700 15 200
Markets
1200
Millions of Users
1000
800
Internet Users
600
Cellular Subscribers
400
Exchange Lines
200
0
1996
NOKIA
page: 34
2000

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Wireless IP

Introduction to the Wireless IP

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

Levels of analysis in this presentation

Wireless local network

Specifications, RFCs, draft specs

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

Internet protocol in wireless environment

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

Wireless networking is the basic obstacle to be solved for the mobile

Wireless media has different characteristics than the current wired

The protocols are not efficient in the wireless environments

Wireless network can be categorized to:

GSM, GPRS, CDPD, CDMA, PHS, DoCoMo, Ricochet

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

The wireless network properties differ from the wireline one

GSM: 0.7 s with one byte packet

tcp throughput is related to latency: high latency, low throughput

interactive applications suffer from long latency times

throughput: wireless networks could be characterized "thin

will the underlying protocol support recovery?

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

The mobile wireless networking architecture

Wireless mobile device

a wireless mobile device (mobile node)

a laptop, cellular phone, personal communicator

travels from home network to foreign network

full mobility, roaming from network to network

Wireless link can consist of several hops

connects the mobile device to wirelined world, acts as a proxy

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

Typical IP network architecture

(MRR, HER, MGBR)

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

solutions on the top of the IP

LEO and GEO satellite links

IP packets checksum might not be strong enough

MobileIP, optimized IP and TCP, modified TCP

WAP, Mowgli, SNOOP

PPP has 16-bit CRC

designed to operate in a rather homogenous network

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

Purely IP based wireless internet

forward error correction

MobileIP solves the addressing and routing problem

TCP might be heavy solution to tackle the wireless problem

Path MTU discovery helps to set more optimized end-to-end

lightweight mobile devices: communication needs versus protocol overhead

Compatibility is a strong need

wireless_ip98.ppt / 07.11.1998 / MOv

slow start termination/modification

how will the networks congestion propagate, if slow start is abandoned?

Increased initial sending window

TCP header compression

some or most of the data is already compressed

files transferred over ftp, published pictures in web

fast retransmit and fast recovery