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Waste To Wealth by DR Sivapalan Kathiravale
Waste To Wealth by DR Sivapalan Kathiravale
SIVAPALAN KATHIRAVALE
sivapalan@nuclearmalaysia.gov.my
Introduction
Low Income
Middle Income
High Income
kg/cap/day
0.50 to 0.75
0.55 to 1.10
0.75 to 2.20
kg/cap/day
0.35 to 0.65
0.45 to 0.75
0.65 to 1.50
kg/cap/day
0.25 to 0.45
0.35 to 0.65
0.55 to 1.00
USD/cap/yr
370
2,400
22,000
Collection Cost
USD/ton
10 to 30
30 to 70
70 to 120
Transfer Cost
USD/ton
3 to 8
5 to 15
15 to 20
USD/ton
0.5 to 2
1 to 3
5 to 10
USD/ton
3 to 10
8 to 15
20 to 50
USD/ton
3 to 15
10 to 40
30 to 100
Composting Cost
USD/ton
5 to 20
10 to 40
20 to 60
Incineration Cost
USD/ton
40 to 60
30 to 80
70 to 100
USD/ton
13 to 40
38 to 85
90 to 170
USD/ton
17 to 48
43 to 100
105 to 190
0.7 to 2.6
0.5 to 1.3
0.2 to 0.5
Cost as % of Income
Country
Socio-economic factors
W T
PD
P/DW GNP POP
USA
Australia
Japan
France
Italy
1000 15 450
620 25
30
700 15 40 694
1250 10 4 000
580 14 700
4.2
4.2
7.0
2.5
4.9
12 800
4 100
4 910
18 400
7 000
Spain
Singapore
Philipines
Taiwan
Nigeria
410
440
64
220
70
14 290
29 26 472
27 983
22 1 250
30 200
4.2
3.9
5.0
4.2
4.5
5 000 3.19
4 000 2.44
807 1.63
2.50
2 000 1.00
India
Bangldeh
Pakistan
Indonesia
Burma
50
25
340
45
32
24 1 300 7.0
26 3 750 6.0
29 1 300 5.5
24 700 8.0
26 200 6.0
Municipal
Waste
MW
High Income
New York
Sydney
Tokyo
Paris
Rome
9.12
3.23
11.60
2.18
2.88
720
690
400
590
460
35
38
38
30
18
10
0.1
11
1
4
22
13
23
30
50
13
11
4
4
3
390
-
21
43
17
8
17
6
4
2
4
45
5
43
25
43
3
3
2
1
5
3
2
0.5
2
1
0.5
1
0.5
3
4
9
18
7
4
4
Medium Income
Madrid
Singapore
Manila
Taipei
Kano
4
1
5
3
2
Low Income
Banglore
Dacca
Karachi
Jakarta
Rangoon
320
200
1 890
474
120
2.91
1.31
5.10
6.50
2.60
65
40
56
82
80
0.4
1
0.5
4
3
0.2
9
0.5
0.5
6
Fo
od
/O
rg
M anic
ix
Pa
pe
N
H
ig ews r
h
Pr
G
Co rad int
rru e P
a
ga
te per
d
Pl
Pa
as
tic per
Pl (Rig
as
id
ti
)
Pl c (F
as
tic lim)
(F
oa
m
Pa )
m
pe
rs
Ru Te
xt
bb
er ile
/L
ea
th
er
W
oo
d
G
Y
la
ar
ss
d
G
(C
la
ss
le
a
(C
o l r)
ou
re
d
Fe )
r
N
o n rou
s
-F
er
r
ou
A
lu
s
Ba
m
tte
i
n
rie
i
s/H um
az
ar
ds
O
th
Fi
O er O ne
th
rg
er
In anic
-O
rg
an
ic
O
th
er
s
Percentage
70
Min
Average
Max
60
50
40
30
20
10
Energy
Raw
Material
Energy
Recovery
I.W.M
Material
Recovery
Landfill
Data
latest
year
available
Municipal
waste
collected
(1000
tonnes)
Population
served by
municipal
waste
collection
(%)
Municipal
waste
collected
per
capita
served
(kg)
Municipal
waste
landfilled
(%)
Municipal
waste
incinerated
(%)
Municipal
waste
recycled/
composted
(kg)
Europe
Sweden
2001
3 930
...
...
22.4
38.2
38.7
United Kingdom
2001
34 851
...
...
79.9
7.3
12.3
Bulgaria
2002
3 199
81.1
495
99.7
...
...
Czech Republic
2002
2 845
100.0
278
70.3
14.0
...
Denmark
2002
3 587
100.0
670
8.3
58.3
34.6
2000
62
48.6
532
100.0
...
...
Canada
2000
10 870
...
...
...
...
32.2
Costa Rica
2000
71
...
...
...
...
...
Mexico
2002
32 174
86.0
367
97.6
0.0
2.4
United States
2001
207 957
100.0
722
55.7
14.7
29.7
Cont
South America
Bolivia
2002
662
...
...
...
...
...
Chile
2002
5 558
...
...
41.0
...
...
Colombia
1998
7 430
...
...
...
...
...
Peru
2001
1 444
100.0
64.6
...
...
Uruguay
2000
910
Algeria
2003
8 500
...
...
99.9
...
0.1
Benin
2002
986
23.0
654
0.0
0.0
...
Egypt
2000
15 000
...
...
...
...
...
Madagascar
2002
151
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
Mauritius
2003
351
95.0
303
100.0
...
...
China,
Hong
Kong SAR
2002
5 399
100.0
773
63.7
...
36.3
Japan
2000
52 362
100.0
412
5.9
77.0
15.0
Cyprus
2002
500
...
709
90.0
0.0
0.0
Singapore
2002
4 402
...
...
3.7
55.0
41.3
Thailand
2000
13 972
...
...
...
0.8
14.3
Australia
1999
13 200
...
...
95.0
0.0
7.3
New Zealand
1999
1 541
...
...
84.7
...
15.3
Africa
Asia
Oceania
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Mass Burn
Sanitary Landfill
Dumping
Hydrogen
Electricity
? MW Export
Ash
MSW
MRF/
RDF Plant
Organics
Digestate
1.Reduction
2. Recycle Materials
SLF
3.A.D/
Electricity Composting
? MW Export
Compost
Landfill +
Gas recovery +
Power Production
Landfill
Mix waste
combustion plant +
power production
Energy
Recycling
Total
Total Emissions
Landfill
MSW Incineration
863.5
6.45
Methane CH4
74.5
13.7
49.5
0.03
HFCS
8.2
PFCS
0.7
SF6
4.1
Total
1000.5
13.7
6.49
1 tonne
MSW
MSW Incineration
1100 kg CO2
(220 kg fossil and 880 kg biogenic)
600 kWhe
Coal
Coal Combustion
592 kg
CO2
1 tonne
MSW
Landfill
1610 kg
CO2
What is Dioxin
Source of Dioxin
Germany
0.1
Japan
Std
0.6
(MINT,2003)
(Vehlow,2000)
(Sakai,
2000)
2-5
1-10
1000
(MINT, 2003)
(Vehlow, 2000)
(Sakai,
2000)
11-25
20-100
NA
(MINT, 2003)
(Vehlow, 2000)
Intermediate
Products
Materials
For Market
Conversion
To Energy
Incineration
Compost
MSW
Mechanic
Separati
al
on
Anarobic
Digestion
Biodegradable
Fraction
Secondary
Raw material
Glass, Metals,
Aluminium etc
Pyrolisis
Gasification
Solid
Recovered
Fuels
Combustion
Co-utilisation
with Fossil Fuels
SA
ECU/ton
400
U
S
Si
ng A
ap
o
M re
al
ay
si
a
M
al
ay
si
a
Au
st
ria
Be
lg
iu
Be m
lg
iu
m
D
en
m
ar
Fi k
nl
an
Fi d
nl
an
G
er d
m
an
G
er y
m
an
G y
N ree
et
he ce
r
N l an
et
he ds
rl a
nd
s
Sp
ai
n
Sp
Sw a in
ee
d
Sw en
ee
de
n
Landfill
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Treatment
Technology
Conversion Efficiency
Calorific Value of
Fuel
Energy
Recoverable /
ton of Fuel
Total Energy
Recovered
(based on 1500
tons/day
Energy
Recoverable
(Normalized to
per ton of
MSW Input)
MSW
Incineration
WTE - 25 %
2200 kcal/kg
639 kW.hr
960 MW.hr
639 kW.hr
MSW
Incineration
WTE - 25 %
1500 kcal/kg
436 kW.hr
655 MW.hr
436 kW.hr
MSW
Incineration
WTE - 25 %
800 kcal/kg
233 kW.hr
350 MW.hr
233 kWhr
RDF
Incineration
3500 kcal/kg
1017 kW.hr
458 MW.hr
305 kW.hr
MSW
Anaerobic
Digestion,
MSW to Digester
60%, Biogas to energy
25%
5000 kcal/m3
218 kW.hr
196 MW.hr
131 kW.hr
MSW
Anaerobic
Digestion,
MSW to Digester
60%, Biogas to energy
with steam recovery
80%
5000 kcal/m3
697 kW.hr
627 MW.hr
418 kW.hr
MSW
Anaerobic
Digestion and
Fuel Cell
MSW to Digester
60%, Biogas to energy
by Fuel Cell 50%
241.83 kJ /mol H
585 kW.hr
526 MW.hr
351 kW.hr
Conclusion
Matters to ponder!
Thank You