Serum

Electrolytes

Lung function
*The lung are also vital in maintaining
homeostasis.

*Through exhalation the lung remove

approximately 300ml of water daily in the
normal adult.

Abnormal Condition:
*Hyperpnea
*Continuous coughing
*Increase this loss, mechanical
ventilation with excessive moisture
decreases it.

*Changes from normal aging

result decreased respiratory
function causing increased
difficulty in pH regulation illness
older adult with major illness or
trauma.

PITUITARY FUNCTION
*Hypothalamus manufactures ADH*
-which is stored in the posterior pituitary
gland and release as needed.
*ADH or water conserving hormone*
*ADH*
- maintaining the osmotic pressure of the
cell controlling the retention or excretion
of water by the kidney and by regulating
blood volume.

ADRENAL FUNCTION
1.Aldosterone
- a mineralocorticoid secreted by the
zona glomerulosa (outer zone) of the
adrenal cortex has a profound effect on
fluid balanced .
-increase secretion of aldosterone
causes sodium retention , water retention
and potassium loss

2.Cortisol

- another adrenocortical
hormone has only a fraction
of the mineralocorticoid
potency of aldosterone .
- when secreted in large
quantities however it can
also produce sodium and
fluid retention and
potassium deficit.

PARATHYROID FUNCTION

1. Parathyroid glands
- embedded in the thyroid gland regulate
calcium and phosphate balance by means
parathyroid hormone (PTH)

2. Parathyroid hormone or PTH

-influence bone reabsorption,
calcium absorption from
intestines and calcium
reabsorption from the renal
tubules.

RENIN-ANGIONTENSIN
ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
1.Renin
-is an enzyme that converts
angiotensinogen an inactive subtances
formed by the liver into angiotensinogen 1.
-released by juxtaglomerular cells of the
kidney in response to decreased renal
perfusion.

2.Angiotensin converting
enzyme or ACE
-convert angiotensin 1 to
angiotensin 2.
- angiotensin 2 with its
vasoconstrictor properties
increased arterial perfusion
pressure and stimulate thirst .

3. Sympathetic nervous
system
- stimulated aldosterone is
released in response to an
increased release of renin.

4. Aldosterone
-is a volume regulator
and its also released as
serum potassium
increases, serum sodium
decreases or
adrenocorticotropic
hormone increases.

ADH AND THIRST

*ADH and Thirst mechanism have
important roles in maintaining sodium
concentration and oral intake fluids.
A. Oral intake is controlled by the thirst
center located in hypothalamus .

B. Serum concentration or
osmolality increase or
blood volume decreases
neurons in the
hypothalamus are
stimulated by intracellular
dehydration, thirst then
occur and he person
increases oral intake of
fluids.

C. Water excretion is
controlled by ADH,
aldosterone and
baroreceptors . The
presence or absence of
ADH is the most
significant factor in
determining whether the
urine that is excreted is
concentrated or dilute.

OSMORECEPTORS
* OSMORECEPTORS*
-located on the surface of hypothalamus,
osmoreceptors sense changes in sodium
concentration.
-osmotic pressure increases the neurons
become dehydrated and quickly releases
impulses to the posterior pituitary which
increase and release of ADH.

-ADH travels in the blood to

the kidney where it alters
permeability to water
causing increased
reabsorption of water and
decreased urine output.

RELEASE OF
ATRIAL
NATRIURETIC
PEPTIDE OR ANP

*RELEASE OF ATRIAL
NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE OR
ANP*

-release by cardiac cell in

the atria of the heart
response to increases
atrial pressure.

THANKYOU
GOD BLESS

MICHELLE ARELLE L.
QUIAMBAO
BSN-2A