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Word Formation
Word Formation
(II)
Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary
nothing can be conveyed.
Contents
To be
continued
English Lexicology(II
Chapter 5 Word-Formation I:
The Major Processes
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
General Remarks
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Compounding
Prefixation
suffixation
conversion (10.5%)
composition or compounding (27%)
English Lexicology(II
5.2 Prefixation
English Lexicology(II
5.2 Prefixation
English Lexicology(II
5.2 Prefixation
1) Negative prefixes
in-
non-
un-
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5.2 Prefixation
Order
Literate
Symmetry
Governmental
Relevant
Productive
Believable
Vulnerable
Sane
Related
Aligned
Mature
Disorder
Illiterate
Asymmetry
Nongovernmental
Irrelevant
Unproductive
Unbelievable
Invulnerable
Insane
Unrelated
Nonaligned
Immature
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5.2 Prefixation
2) Reversative or privative
de-
un-
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5.2 Prefixation
Centralize
Plane
Infect
Zip
Regulate
Possess
Pollute
Decentralize
Deplane
Disinfect
Unzip
Deregulate
Dispossess
Depollute
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5.2 Prefixation
3) Pejorative prefixes
mis-
mal-
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5.2 Prefixation
mini-
out-
over-
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5.2 Prefixation
Computer
Critical
Conscious
Natural
Sensitive
Simple
Number
Statement
culture
Minicomputer
Ultracritic /hypercritic
Subconscious
Supernatural
Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive
Oversimple
Outnumber
Understatement
Subculture
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5.2 Prefixation
co-
pro-
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5.2 Prefixation
6) Locative prefixes
fore-
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5.2 Prefixation
View
Conference
Continental
Ground
Cast
Specific
Racial
Shore
Interview
teleconference
Intercontinental
Foreground
Telecast
Transpacific
Transracial
Foreshore
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5.2 Prefixation
ex-
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5.2 Prefixation
8) Number prefixes
uni-/mono-
bi-/di-
tri-
multi-/poly-
semi-
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5.2 Prefixation
Lingual
Lateral
Polar
Dimensional
Unilingual, bilingual,
trilingual, multilingual
Unilateral, bilateral,
trilateral, multilateral
Unipolar, bipolar, tripolar,
multipolar
Unidimensional,
bidimensional,
tridimensional (threedimensional),
multidimensional
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5.2 Prefixation
9) Conversion prefixes
a-
be-
en-
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5.2 Prefixation
Neo-classicism,neo-colonialism, neo-fascism,
Neolithic
Pan-
..
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5.3 Suffixation
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5.3 Suffixation
1) noun suffixes
2) adjective suffixes
3) adverb suffixes
4) verb suffixes
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5.3 Suffixation
1) Noun suffixes
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5.3 Suffixation
1) Noun suffixes
Denominal nouns (concrete)
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5.3 Suffixation
1) Noun suffixes
Denominal nouns (abstract)
-age
-dom
-ship
-ful
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5.3 Suffixation
1) Noun suffixes
Deverbal nouns
-ant
-ee
-er/-or
-ation
-ing
-al
-ment
-age
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5.3 Suffixation
1) Noun suffixes
De-adjectival nouns
-ity
-ness
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5.3 Suffixation
1) Noun suffixes
Nouns and adjective suffixes
-ese
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5.3 Suffixation
2) Adjective Suffixes
Denominal suffixes
-ed
-ful
-ish
-less
-like
-ly
-y
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5.3 Suffixation
2) Adjective Suffixes
Denominal suffixes
-ic (-atic)
-ous (-ious,
-eous)
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5.3 Suffixation
2) Adjective Suffixes
Deverbal suffixes
-able (-ible,
-uble)
-ive (-ative,
-sive)
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5.3 Suffixation
3) Adverb Suffixes
-ly
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5.3 Suffixation
4) Verb suffixes
-ate
Originate, hyphenate
-en
-ify
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5.3 Suffixation
False
Sterile
Intense
Fat
Horror
Memory
Apology
Falsify
Sterilize
Intensify
Fatten
Horrify
Memorize
Apologize
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5.4 Conversion
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5.4 Conversion
Noun-verb conversion
Verb-noun conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
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5.4 Conversion
Noun-verb conversion
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5.4 Conversion
Changes of pronunciation and
spelling
Abuse
Abuse
Advice
House
Use
Belief
Grief
Shelf
mouth
Advise
House
Use
Believe
Grieve
Shelve
Mouth
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5.4 Conversion
Verb-noun conversion
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5.4 Conversion
Verb-noun conversion
Left branching
Break down
Breakdown
Break out
Outbreak
Pick up
Pick-up
Spill over
Overspill
Take over
Take-over
Start up
Upstart
Get together
Get-together
Put in
Input
Keep up
upkeep
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5.4 Conversion
Shift of stress
Conflict
Abstract
Contrast
Decrease
Discount
Export
Rebel
Permit
Progress
Protest
Transfer
Transplant
Survey
Torment
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5.4 Conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Partial conversion
Complete conversion
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5.4 Conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Partial conversion
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5.4 Conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Complete conversion
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5.5 Compounding
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5.5 Compounding
Forms of compounds
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5.5 Compounding
Types of compounds
Noun compounds
Adjective compounds
Verb compounds
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5.5 Compounding
Noun compounds
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5.5 Compounding
Adjective compounds
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5.5 Compounding
Verb compounds
Formed by back-formation
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5.5 Compounding
Verb compounds
Formed by conversion
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6.1 Blending
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6.1 Blending
Examples
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6.1 Blending
sci-fi
hi-fi
workaholic
stagflation
Unicom
sitcom
motel
dawk
science fiction
high fidelity
work alcoholic
stagnation inflation
United Communications
situation comedy
motor hotel
dove hawk
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6.2 Backformation
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6.2 Backformation
Examples
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6.3 Shortening
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6.3 Shortening
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6.3 Shortening
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6.3 Shortening
1) Clipped words
ad=advertisement
expo=exposition
phone=telephone
pro=professional
memo=memorandum
tec=detective
heli or copter=helicopter
comfy=comfortable
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6.3 Shortening
Give clippings for the
following words
gymnasium
dormitory
handkerchief
gasoline
kilogram
influenza
business
parachute
refrigerator
taxicab
gym
dorm
hanky
Gas
kilo
flu
biz
chute
fridge
taxi or cab
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6.3 Shortening
2) Initialisms
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6.3 Shortening
Write out in full the following
CPU
central processing unit
initialisms
DIY
CEO
IT
AI
SOS
IDD
GMT
VIP
P.S.
a.m.
p.m.
Do it yourself
Chief Executive Officer
Information technology
artificial intelligence
Save our ship
international direct dial
Greenwich Mean Time
very important person
postscript
ante meridiem
post meridiem
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6.3 Shortening
3) Acronyms
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6.3 Shortening
Write out in full the following acronyms
Tofel
ROM
NATO
FIFA
Aids
radar
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6.4 Analogy
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6.4 Analogy
Examples
Marathon-----telethon, talkathon
blue-collar workers-----white-collar workers, gray-collar
workers, pink-collar workers, gold-collar workers
environmental pollution-----visual or eye pollution, noise
pollution, cultural pollution, graffiti pollution
First Family-----First Lady, First Dog
Landscape-----moonscape, marscape
Birds eye------fish-eye, worms-eye, cats-eye
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Chapter 7 Motivation
7.1 Conventionality and
Motivation
7.2 Onomatopoeic
motivation
7.3 Morphological
motivation
7.4 Semantic motivation
7.5 Logical motivation
Triangle of significance
Meaning
(Concept)
Word
Form. Referent
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Conventionality
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Conventionality
---Chinese
---Japanese
arbre---French
baun---Germany
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Motivation
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Examples of motivation
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Types of motivation
Onomatopoeic motivation
Morphological motivation
Semantic motivation
Logical motivation
Motivation and Culture
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Onomatopoeic motivation
means defining the principle of motivation by
sound. Words motivated phonetically are called
onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation
suggests the meaning. They show a close
connection between sound and sense.
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Primary onomatopoeia
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Primary onomatopoeia
cats
mew, purr
lions
roar
eagles
scream
mice
squeak
frogs
croak
Snakes
hiss
hens
cluck
wolves
howl
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Secondary onomatopoeia
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Secondary onomatopoeia
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Examples:
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Metaphor
Metonymy
Synecdoche
Analogy
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Metaphor
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Metaphor
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Metonymy
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Metonymy
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Metonymy
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Synecdoche
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Synecdoche
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Analogy
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Analogy
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Analogy
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Clipped compounds by
shortening species or genus
He is addicted to drugs
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Relation
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National psychology
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Religious Philosophy
As poor as a church-mouse
As patient as Job
As wise as Solomon
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as strong as a horse
as dump as an oyster;as
silent as the grave; as close
as wax
spring up like a mushroom
like a cat on hot bricks
Its no use crying over spilt
milk.
As timid as a rabbit
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