Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sequence and Series-1
Sequence and Series-1
Session Objectives
1. Finite and infinite sequences
2. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) definition, nth term
3. Sum of n terms of an A.P.
4. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) and
insertion of n A.M.s between two
given numbers.
5. Geometric Progression (G.P.) definition, nth term
6. Sum of n terms of a G.P.
Sequence a Definition
A sequence is a function whose
domain is the set N of natural
numbers.
_I001
_I001
Series a Definition
If
a1, a2, a3, . . ., an, . . .
is a sequence,
the expression
a1+a2+a3+ . . . +an+ . . .
is called a series.
_I001
Arithmetic Progression
A sequence is called an arithmetic
progression (A.P.) if the difference
between any term and the previous
term is constant.
_I002
First term
a2 = a+d
a3 = a+d+d
= a+2d
a4 = a+d+d+d
an = a+d+d+d+...
= a+3d
= a+(n-1)d
General Term
Step II
Determine an+1 by
_I002
_I002
Choose Well!!!!
#
Terms
Common diff.
a-d, a, a+d
d
2d
d
2d
Illustrative problem
Q. If sum of three numbers in A.P. is
45, and the second number is
thrice the first number, find the
three numbers.
A. Let the numbers be a-d, a, a+d
Given that (a-d)+a+(a+d) = 45
3a = 45 a = 15
Also, a = 3(a-d) 3d = 30
d = 10
the three numbers are 5, 15, 25
_I002
_I002
we get,
A a+k, a+d+k, . . ., a+(n-1)d+k
A is also an A.P. with the same common difference.
_I002
_I002
Example :
Consider A 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
_I002
Example :
Consider A 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
a3+a8 = 22
_I002
Example :
Consider A 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
a3+a8 = 22
= a5+a6 = 22
_I002
Example :
Consider A 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
a3+a8 = 22
= a5+a6 = 22
= a1+a10 = 22
_I002
_I002
Proof :
an = a+(n-1)d
or, an = dn+(a-d)
or, an = An+B, where A is the common difference
_I002
_I003
Sn = a 1
+(a1+d)+ . . .+{a1+(n-2)d}+{a1+(n-1)d}
Also,
Sn = {a1+(n-1)d}+{a1+(n-2)d}+{a1+d}+. . .+a1
Adding,
2Sn = n{2a1+(n-1)d}
Sn
n
2a1 n 1 d
_I003
n
Sn 2a1 n 1 d
2
n
a1 a1 n 1 d
2
n
Sn a1 an
2
Sn
Sn
n
First Term Last Term
2
d
d
Rearranging, Sn n2 a n
2
2
We know that, Sn
Or, Sn = An2+Bn.
_I003
Arithmetic Mean
A is the A.M. of two numbers a and
b
a, A, and b are in A.P.
A-a = b-A
2A = a+b
ab
A
2
_I004
_I004
-6
a
-4
A1
-2
A2
0
A3
2
A4
4
A5
6
b
_I004
-6
a
-4
A1
-2
A2
0
A3
2
A4
4
A5
6
b
Property of A.M.s
Let n A.M.s A1, A2, A3, . . ., An be
inserted between a and b.
Then,
A1 A2 A3 ... An nA n
ab
2
_I004
Illustrative Problem
Q. Insert 3 A.M.s between -4 and 3
A. Let the required A.M.s be A1,
A2 and A3.
34 7
Common difference d = 4
4
A1 4
7
9
4
4
14
1
4
2
21 5
A3 4
4
4
A2 4
_I004
Geometric Progression
Consider a family where every
female of each generation has
_I005
exactly 2 daughters.
It is then possible to determine the
number of females in each generation
if the generation number is known.
1st Generation
1 female
2nd Generation
2 females
3rd Generation
4 females
Geometric Progression
A sequence is called a geometric
progression (G.P.) if the ratio
between any term and the previous
term is constant.
_I005
First term
a2 = ar
a3 = ar2
a4 = ar3
an = ar(n-1)
General Term
_I005
Choose Well!!!!
#
Terms
Common ratio
a/r, a, ar
r2
r2
_I005
1 1
1
1
,
,
,
.
.
.,
a ar ar2
arn 1
_I005
_I005
_I005
Example :
Consider G 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512
_I005
Example :
Consider G 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512
a3a8 = 512
_I005
Example :
Consider G 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512
a3a8 = 512
= a5a6 = 512
_I005
Example :
Consider G 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512
a3a8 = 512
= a5a6 = 512
= a1a10 = 512
_I005
_I005
_I005
_I006
Sn = a+ar+ar2+ar3+ . . .+ar(n-1)
(i)
Multiplying by r, we get,
rSn = ar+ar2+ar3+ . . .+ar(n-1)+arn ...(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), (r-1)Sn = a(rn-1)
Sn
r 1
_I002
A. Given that
log(2x-1)-log2 = log(2x+3)-log(2x-1)
2x 1
2x 3
log
log x
2 1
22x 2x 1 1 2x 1 6
22x 4.2x 5 0
5 Q 2 cannot be negative
2x 5 2x 1 0
2x
x
log5
log2 5
log2
_I002
_I002
_I002
an = a1+(n-1)d
aa1 1 a1 a1 1 1 d
aa1 1 a1(1 d)
Thus, (a1+1)th term is a multiple of a1.
Thus, no such A.P. is possible.
Q.E.D.
Q. Sn nP
(a) P+Q
(b) 2P+3Q
(c) 2Q
(d) Q
(J.E.E. West Bengal 1994)
_I003
2
the sum of the first n terms of an A.P.,
then common difference is :
(a) P+Q
(b) 2P+3Q
(c) 2Q
(d) Q
(J.E.E. West Bengal 1994)
A. an = Sn - Sn-1
n 1
n
an nP n 1 Q n 1 P
n 2 Q
2
2
an P n 1 Q
d an an1
d P n 1 Q P n 2 Q
Ans : (d).
d Q
_I003
_I003
_I003
A. Given that,
a12 = a1+11d = -13
. . . (i)
S4 = 2(2a1+3d) = 24
. . . (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we get,
a1 = 9, d = -2
S10 = 5(2a1+9d) = 5(18-18) = 0
_I004
A. Given that,
an1 bn1
an bn
ab
2
n
a a
1
b
b
a
a
b
b
a
1
b
_I004
a
a a
1 1
b
b b
n
a
a
a
1 Q a b 1 1 0
b
b
b
n=0
_I004
_I004
A. Common difference
b a 98 2 48
n 1 53 1 27
A 27 a 27d 2 27
48
50
27
_I004
_I005
_I005
(b) q2 = pr
(c) p2 = qr
(d) pqr+pq+q = 0
(M.N.R. 1995)
_I005
(b) q2 = pr
_I005
_I006
_I006
10
1
6
Sn 10
n
9
10 1
Sn
6 10
n
10
9 9
_I006
A. Common ratio
1
3
3
2
2
9
Let the required number of terms be n.
n
3
1
2 3 n
55 2 2
2
Sn
3
72 9 1
9 5 2
_I006
1
72 9 5 2
3
55 9
5
243
1
72 2
2
32
2
3
3
2
2
n=5
_I006
Thank you