Failure of retaining wall (dam) due to water pressure..

TYPES OF WALLS
Mass

retaining walls
Cantilever walls
Counterfort retaining
walls
Precast concrete
retaining walls
Precast concrete cribretaining walls

MASS RETAINING WALLS

Sometimes called gravity walls and rely upon
their own mass together with the friction on the
underside of the base to overcome the tendency to
slide or overturn
Generally only economic up to 1.8 m
Mass walls can be constructed of semiengineering quality bricks bedded in a 1:3 cement
mortar or of mass concrete
Natural stone is suitable for small walls up to 1m
high but generally it is used as a facing material
for walls over 1 m

TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF MASS

RETAINING WALLS

BRICK MASS RETAINING WALL

Brick retaining
wall

Stone retaining wall

TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF MASS

RETAINING WALLS

MASS CONCRETE RETAINING WALL WITH

STONE FACINGS

CANTILEVER WALLS
Usually of reinforced concrete and work on the
principle of leverage where the stem is designed as a
cantilever fixed at the base and the base is designed as
a cantilever fixed at the stem
Economic height range of 1.2 m to 6 m using prestressing techniques
Any durable facing material can be applied to the
surface to improve appearance of the wall

Cantilever wall

Two basic forms:A

base with a large heel

A cantilever with a large toe

Cantilever T

Cantilever L

CANTILEVER WALLS

COUNTERFORT RETAINING
WALLS
Can be constructed of reinforced or prestressed
concrete
Suitable for over 4.5 m
Triangular beams placed at suitable centres
behind the stem and above the base to enable the
stem and base to act as slab spanning
horizontally over or under the counterforts

PRECAST CONCRETE
RETAINING WALL

Manufactured from high-grade pre cast concrete on the

cantilever principle.
Can be erected on a foundation as permanent retaining wall
or be free standing to act as dividing wall between heaped
materials which it can increase three times the storage
volume for any given area
Other advantages- reduction in time by eliminating curing
period, cost of formwork, time to erect and dismantle the
temporary forms
Lifting holes are provided which can be utilized for fixing if
required

APPLICATION

PRECAST CONCRETE
RETAINING WALLS

PRE CAST CONCRETE CRIBRETAINING WALLS

Designed on the principle of mass retaining walls
A system of pre cast concrete or treated timber
components comprising headers and stretchers which
interlock to form a 3 dimensional framework or crib of
pre cast concrete timber units within which soil is
retained
Constructed with a face batter between 1:6 and 1:8
Subsoil drainage is not required since the open face
provides adequate drainage.

SUBSOIL
DRAINAGE

At the end of week this lecture, student

will be able to :
-

Identify the functions of various

subsoil drainage system. (CO1; CO3)

DRAINAGE
Effluent- can be defined as that which flows out. In
building drainage terms, there are three main forms of
effluent:
1. Subsoil water water collected by means of
special drains from the earth primarily to lower
the water table level I the subsoil clean, no need
to treat.
2. Surface water effluent collected from the
surfaces such as roofs, paved areas- clean
3. Foul or soil water effluent contaminated by
domestic or trade waste and require treatment

SOURCE OF WATER

BUILDING REGULATION C2
-RESISTANCE TO MOISTURE

Subsoil drainage shall be provided if it is needed to avoid:

The passage of ground moisture to the interior of the
building

Damage to the fabric of the building

Needed for sites with a high water table (level at which
water occurs naturally below the ground)
Objective of subsoil drainage to lower the water table to a
level such that it will not rise to within 0.25 m of the lowest
floor of a building
Advantages improve the stability of the ground, lowering
the humidity of the site and improve its horticultural
properties

The water collected by a subsoil drainage system

has to be conveyed to a suitable outfall such as a
river , lake or surface water drain and sewer.

THE IDEAL SITE

TYPICAL SUBSOIL DRAINAGE

DETAILS

MATERIALS OF SUBSOIL
DRAINAGE
Porous - absorb water through their walls and thus keep
out fine particles of soil or silt
Perforated Holes in pipe of different pattern which
allow water to enter into the pipe and channels to a
collection points and discharged into the designated
outlet.

SUITABLE PIPES

Perforated clayware BS EN 295-5

Porous concrete BS 5911:part 114
Clayware field pipes BS 1196
Profiled and slotted polypropylene or uPVC
BS 4962
Perforated uPVC BS 4660

POLYETHYLENE PIPE

PERFORATED PIPE

Perforated pipes for footing drains

& ABS pipe for downspout drains

Subsoil drainage

SUBSOIL DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS

The layout of subsoils drains will

depend on whether it is necessary to
drain the whole site or if it is only
the substructure of the building
which needs to be protected

MODEL OF SUBSOIL
DRAINAGE

Subsoil drainage systems and

drains

The pipes are arranged in a pattern to cover as much of the site as is

necessary
Water will naturally flow towards the easy passage provided by the
drainage runs

HERRINGBONE DRAINAGE

MOAT DRAINAGE

OUTFALL TO STREAM OR
RIVER

The system is terminated at a suitable outfall such as a river, stream or surface

water sewer
In cases, permission must be obtained before discharging a subsoil system