FIBER OPTICS NETWORK

Basic Networks
Stations- Collection of devices with which users wish
to communicate. Also called Data terminal
equipment.
Node- It is point where one or more communication
lines terminate/ and or where stations are connected.
Topology- It is the logical manner in which nodes are
linked together by information transmission channels
to form a network.
Switching- The transfer of information through a
series of intermediate nodes is called switching.
Routing- Selection of a suitable path through a
network is referred as routing

TOPOLOGIES
There are three main local area
network (LAN) topologies:
Bus
Star
Ring

Other network topologies include:

Mesh
Wireless
3

BUS TOPOLOGY

The bus topology supports thick and thin coaxial

segments.
Segments are connected by repeaters.
The bus topology uses the baseband signaling
method.
Signals are broadcast in both directions
simultaneously.
Both ends of each segment require termination
to avoid reflection.
End systems connect to the segment in a linear
manner.
4

THICK AND THIN

COAXIAL BUS

STAR TOPOLOGY

The star topology can use coaxial, twisted pair,

or fiber optic cable.
A central device (hub) connects hubs and nodes
to the network.

Each node connects to its own dedicated port on

the hub.
Hubs broadcast transmitted signals to all
connected devices.
You can connect multiple hubs to form a
hierarchical star topology.

The star topology uses the baseband signaling

method.
6

A SIMPLE STAR
TOPOLOGY

Chapter 2: NETWORK
CABLING

A HIERARCHICAL STAR
TOPOLOGY

RING TOPOLOGY

The ring topology can use twisted pair or fiber

optic cabling.
A central device (hub) connects hubs and nodes
to the network.

Each node connects to its own dedicated port on

the hub.
You can connect multiple hubs to form a larger
ring.

The ring topology uses the baseband signaling

method.
Frames are transmitted around the ring from
node to hub to node.
Media Access Control (MAC) is used for token

A RING NETWORK

10

SONET/SDH
When
data
is
transmitted
over
a
communications medium, a number of things
must be provided on the link, including framing
of the data, error checking, and the ability to
manage the link etc. For optical communications
these functions have been standardized by the
ANSI T1X1.5 committee as Synchronous Optical
Networking (SONET) and by the ITU as
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH).

Introduction to SDH / SONET

ITU-T standards is called the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
ANSI standards is called the Synchronous Optical Network
(SONET)

Three Important concerns in designing SONET/

SDH*
1. It is a Synchronous network.

A single clock is used to handle the timing of transmission and

equipment across the entire network.

Network wise synchronization adds a level of predictability to

the system.

This predictability , coupled with powerful frame design,

enables individual channels to be multiplexed, thereby
improving speed and reducing cost.

2. Standardization.

SDH/SONET contains recommendations for the standardization

of fiber optic transmission system equipment sold by different
manufacturers.

Introduction to SDH / SONET

3. Universal Connectivity.
SDH/SONET physical specification and frame design include
mechanism that allow it to carry signals from incompatible
tributary systems. This flexibility gives SONET/ SDH a
reputation for universal connectivity.

Applications:
1. Carrier for ISDN and B-ISDN.
2. Carrier for ATM cells.
3. Can support bandwidth on demand.
4. Can be used as the backbone or totally replace
other networking protocols such as SMDS or FDDI.
5. Can replace PDH system,E1, E3 lines.

SONET/SDH
SDH/ SONET refers to a group of fiber optic
transmission rates that can support digital
signals with different capacities.
Both SONET/SDH handle data in form of
frames.
This is a two dimensional circuit consisting
of 90 columns by 9 rows of bytes, where
one byte is 8 bits.
The fundamental SONET frame has a 125
micro second duration.

Basic Structure of a SONET

frame

Terminology used in SONET

 Every SONET frame repeats every 125 seconds,

no matter how fast the line speed gets. As the
line rate goes up, the SONET frame gets bigger
by some number of octets, just sufficient to
keep the frame rate at 8,000 frames per
second.
For this first level basic SONET frame, this gives
a data rate of 51.84 Mbps (90 columns times 9
rows, times 8,000 times per second, times 8
bits per octet). This signal is known as a
Synchronous Transport Signal - Level 1 (STS-1).

 In an STS-1 signal we have three

columns of transport overhead. An
STS-3/STM-1 signal has 9 columns of
transport overhead. An STS-12/STM-4
signal has 36 columns of transport
overhead. And an STS-768/STM-256
signal has a whopping 2,304 columns
of transport overhead.

SONET / SDH transmission

rates
Sonet/SDH rates
STS 1
STS-3
STS-9
STS-12
STS-18
STS-24
STS-36
STS-48
STS-96
STS-192

OC-1
OC-3
OC-9
OC-12
OC-18
OC-24
OC-36
OC-48
OC-96
OC-192

51.840
155.520 STM-1
466.560 STM-3
622.080 STM-4
933.120 STM-6
1244.160 STM-8
1866.230 STM-12
2488.320 STM-16
4976.640 STM-32
9953.280 STM-64
19

SONET/ SDH Rings

SONET and SDH are configured as either
architecture.

ring or mesh

So Loop diversity is achieved in case of link or equipment failure.

SONET/SDH rings are commonly called self-healing rings. Means
automatic switching to standby link on failure or degradation of the
link.
Three main features of SONET/SDH rings:
1. There can be either two or four fibers running between the nodes on
a ring.
2. Operating signal signals can travel either clockwise only
(unidirectional ring) or in both directions around the ring (which is
called bidirectional ring).
3. Protection switching can be performed either via line-switching or a
path switching scheme.

Line switching moves all signal channels of an entire STM-N

channel to a protection fiber.

Path switching can move individual payload channels within

a STM-N channel to another path.

 SONET and SDH use different terms

to describe the three layers. SDH
uses the terms path, multiplex
section, and regenerator section
while SONET uses the terms section,
line, and path.

IEEE 802.5 Token Ring

Proposed in 1969 and initially referred
to as a Newhall ring.
Token ring :: a number of stations
connected by transmission links in a
ring topology. Information flows in one
direction along the ring from source to
destination and back to source.
Medium access control is provided by a
small frame, the token, that circulates
around the ring when all stations are
idle. Only the station possessing the
token is allowed to transmit at any
22
given time.

Token Ring Operation

When a station wishes to transmit, it must wait
for the token to pass by and seize the token.
One approach: change one bit in token which
transforms it into a start-of-frame sequence and
appends frame for transmission.
Second approach: station claims token by removing
it from the ring.

The data frame circles the ring and is removed

by the transmitting station.
Each station interrogates passing frame. If
destined for station, it copies the frame into
local buffer. {Normally, there is a one bit
delay as the frame passes through a
station.}
23

Token Insertion Choices

1. multi-token: insert token after station
has completed transmission of the last
bit of the frame.
2. single-token: insert token after last bit
of busy token is received and the last
bit of the frame is transmitted.
3. single-frame: insert token after the
last bit of the frame has returned to
the sending station.
Performance is determined by whether
more than one frame is allowed on the
ring at the same time and the relative
propagation time.
24

Token Ring
Under light load delay is added due to
waiting for the token {on average delay is one
half ring propagation time}.
Under heavy load

Performance is fairer and better than Ethernet!!

The ring must be long enough to hold the

complete token.
Advantages fair access, no collisions.
Disadvantages ring is single point of
failure, ring maintenance is complex due to
token malfunctions.
25

IEEE 802.5 Token Ring

4 and 16 Mbps using twisted-pair cabling with
differential Manchester line encoding.
Maximum number of stations is 250.
4Mbps 802.5 token ring uses single frame
operation.
4 Mbps IBM token ring uses single token
operation.
Both 802.5 and IBM 16Mbps token rings use
multi-token operation.
802.5 has 8 priority levels provided via two 3-bit
fields (priority and reservation) in data and
token frames.
Permits 16-bit and 48-bit addresses (same as
802.3).
26

Token Passing
Special electronic message (token) is
generated and passed along from node to
node
Only node with the token allowed to
transmit, and after it has done so, it must
pass token on to another node
Fast access; collisions are nonexistent
Typical topologies:
Bus
Ring
Understanding Operating
Systems, Fourth Edition

27

Token Passing (continued)

Token-bus: Token is passed to each node in turn,
which upon receipt, attaches data to it and sends
to destination
Receiving node copies data, adds
acknowledgment, and returns packet to sending
node
Sending node passes token on to next node in
logical sequence
Initial node order determined by cooperative
decentralized algorithm
Once network is running, turns determined by priority
based on node activity
Understanding Operating
Systems, Fourth Edition

28

Token Passing (continued)

Token-bus: (continued)
Higher overhead at each node than CSMA/CD
Nodes may have long waits under certain
conditions before receiving token

Token-ring: Token moves between the

nodes in turn and in one direction only
If a node wants to send a message it must
wait for the free token to come by
Receiving node copies the message in the
packet and sets the copied bit to indicate it
was successfully received
Understanding Operating
Systems, Fourth Edition

29

DQDB
Distributed-queue, dual bus (DQDB):
Intended for use with a dual-bus configuration,
where each bus transports data in only one
direction
Transmission on each bus consists of a steady
stream of fixed-size slots
Slots generated at end of each bus marked free
and sent downstream, where theyre marked
busy and written to by nodes ready to transmit
Nodes read and copy data from slots, which
then continue to travel toward end of bus,
where they dissipate
Understanding Operating
Systems, Fourth Edition

30

DQDB (continued)

Figure 9.13: DQDB protocol

Understanding Operating
Systems, Fourth Edition

31

DQDB (continued)
Advantages of DQDB:
Provides negligible delays under light
loads and predictable queuing under
heavy loads
Suitable for MANs that manage large file
transfers
Able to satisfy the needs of interactive
users

Understanding Operating
Systems, Fourth Edition

32

Fiber Distributed Data

Interface (FDDI)
FDDI uses a ring topology of multimode or
single mode optical fiber transmission
links operating at 100 Mbps to span up to
200 kms and permits up to 500 stations.
Employs dual counter-rotating rings.
16 and 48-bit addresses are allowed.
In FDDI, token is absorbed by station and
released as soon as it completes the frame
transmission {multi-token operation}.

33

FDDI: Dual Token Ring

A

D
34

FDDI BASIC PRINCIPLE

TOKEN RING NETWORK LIKE IEEE 802.5
TOKEN: A SPECIAL SEQUENCE OF BITS
TOKEN CIRCULATES AROUND THE RING
A STATION REMOVES THE TOKEN FROM RING
BEFORE TRANSMISSION
AFTER TRANSMISSION, THE STATION RETURNS
THE TOKEN TO THE RING
COLLISIONS ARE PREVENTED AS THERE IS ONLY
ONE TOKEN IN THE RING

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

35

FDDI BASIC PRINCIPLE

TOKEN RING NETWORK LIKE IEEE 802.5
TOKEN: A SPECIAL SEQUENCE OF BITS
TOKEN CIRCULATES AROUND THE RING
A STATION REMOVES THE TOKEN FROM RING
BEFORE TRANSMISSION
AFTER TRANSMISSION, THE STATION RETURNS
THE TOKEN TO THE RING
COLLISIONS ARE PREVENTED AS THERE IS ONLY
ONE TOKEN IN THE RING

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

36

FDDI PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

DUAL-COUNTER-ROTATING TOKEN RING
ARCHITECTURE
ONE RING IS PRIMARY AND THE OTHER SECONDARY
UP TO 500 STATIONS WITH A MAXIMUM DISTANCE OF 2
KM BETWEEN ANY PAIR OF STATIONS FOR MULTIMODE
FIBER
WITH SINGLE-MODE FIBER THE DISTANCE CAN BE UP
TO 40 KM
MAXIMUM RING LENGTH IS 100 KM (TOTAL FIBER
LENGTH IS 200 KM FOR TWO RINGS)
USES 4B/5B ENCODING
MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

37

FDDI DUAL RINGS

FDDI DUAL RING ARCHITECTURE

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

38

OPERATION ON FAILURE OF THE PRIMARY RING

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

39

FDDI ARCHITECTURAL MODEL

ACCORDING TO THE OSI-RM, FDDI SPECIFIES
LAYER 1 (PHYSICAL LAYER) AND PART OF
LAYER 2 (DATA LINK CONTROL LAYER)
THE PHYSICAL LAYER HANDLES THE
TRANSMISSION OF RAW BITS OVER A
COMMUNICATIONS LINK
THE DATA LINK CONTROL (DLC) LAYER IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE
INTEGRITY OF INFORMATION EXCHANGED
BETWEEN TWO POINTS

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

40

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FDDI AND OSI-RM

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

41

THE PMD LAYER

PMD LAYER DEFINES THE TYPE OF MEDIA
INTERCONNECTION AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS SUCH
AS TRANSMITTER POWER, FREQUENCIES, RECEIVER
SENSITIVITIES, BIT ERROR RATES (BER), OPTICAL
COMPONENTS ETC.
PMD-MMF: MULTIMODE (62.5 MICRON CORE DIAMETER)
FIBER
PMD-SMF: SINGLE-MODE (8-10 MICRON CORE
DIAMETER) FIBER
ALSO DEFINES STP, UTP AS MEDIA AND FDDI ON SONET

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

42

THE PHY LAYER

PROVIDES THE MEDIA INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE OSI PHYSICAL LAYER
RECEPTION: DECODES THE RECEIVED BIT
STREAM FROM PMD INTO A SYMBOL STREAM FOR
USE BY THE MAC LAYER
TRANSMISSION: ENCODES THE DATA AND
CONTROL SYMBOLS PROVIDED BY MAC USING
4B/5B ENCODING FOR THE PMD LAYER
ALSO PROVIDES SMT THE SERVICES REQUIRED
FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF
THE FDDI RING (BY CONTINUOUSLY LISTENING TO
THE INCOMING SIGNAL)

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

43

THE MAC LAYER

PROVIDES FAIR & DETERMINISTIC ACCESS
FAIR: NO NODE HAS ADVANTAGE OVER ANOTHER IN
ACCESSING THE MEDIUM
DETERMINISTIC: UNDER ERROR-FREE CONDITIONS, THE
TIME A NODE HAS TO WAIT TO ACCESS THE MEDIUM
CAN BE PREDICTED
MEDIUM ACCESS IS CONTROLLED BY A TOKEN
TOKEN PERMITS THE NODE THAT RECEIVES IT TO
TRANSMIT FRAMES
THE MAC LAYER OF THE NODE THAT GENERATED THE
FRAME IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REMOVING THE TOKEN

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

44

THE SMT LAYER

A SOPHISTICATED, BUILT-IN NETWORK
MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY
SMT IS NOT AN OSI-RM SPECIFICATION
MAKING USE OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY PMD,
PHY, AND MAC, IT CARRIES OUT MANY FUNCTIONS
SUCH AS NODE INITIALIZATION, BYPASSING
FAULTY NODES, COORDINATION OF NODE
INSERTION AND REMOVAL, FAULT ISOLATION AND
RECOVERY
SMT IS MOST COMMONLY IMPLEMENTED AS A
SOFTWARE PROCESS RUNNING ON THE FDDI
DEVICE

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

45

FDDI BENEFITS
HIGH BANDWIDTH (10 TIMES MORE THAN ETHERNET)
LARGER DISTANCES BETWEEN FDDI NODES
BECAUSE OF VERY LOW ATTENUATION ( 0.3 DB/KM)
IN FIBERS
IMPROVED SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO BECAUSE OF
NO INTERFERENCE FROM EXTERNAL RADIO
FREQUENCIES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE
BER TYPICAL OF FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS (10^-11) IS
SUBSTANTIALLY BETTER THAN THAT IN COPPER
(10^-5) AND MICROWAVE SYSTEMS (10^-7)
VERY DIFFICULT TO TAP SIGNALS FORM A FIBER
CABLE

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

46

COMPARISON OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

47

FDDI LIMITATIONS
HIGH COST OF OPTICAL COMPONENTS
REQUIRED FOR TRANSMISSION/RECEPTION
OF SIGNALS (ESPECIALLY FOR SINGLE
MODE FIBER NETWORKS)
MORE COMPLEX TO IMPLEMENT THAN
EXISTING LOW SPEED LAN TECHNOLOGIES
SUCH AS IEEE 802.3 AND IEEE 802.5

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

48

APPLICATIONS OF FDDI

OFFICE AUTOMATION AT THE DESKTOP

BACKBONES FOR FACTORY AUTOMATION
BACKEND DATA CENTER APPLICATIONS
CAMPUS LAN INTERCONNECTION
INTERCAMPUS BACKBONES OR
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS (MANs)
INTERCONNECTION OF PRIVATE BRANCH
EXCHANGES (PBXS)
WORKGROUP AND DEPARTMENTAL LANS
INTEGRATED TRANSPORT FOR
MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

49

A FDDI BACKBONE NETWORK EXAMPLE

MARCH 6, 2003

FDDI

50