MACAM-MACAM KALIMAT

Tenses
Simple
present

Pre
se
nt

Present conti

Fut
ure

N
V
N
V

Present
Perfect

Present
Perfect
Conti

Simple Past

Pa
st

Past Conti
Past Perfect

V
N
V
N
V
N
V

Past Perfect
Conti

Simple
Future

Future Conti

V
V
N
V

Future
Perfect

Future
Perfect
Conti

Formulas
TENSES
S+is/am/are+C
S+Vs/es
S+is/am/are+C
S+is/am/are+Ving
S+has/have+been+C
S+Has/have+V3
S+has/have+been+C
S+ Has/have+ been+ Ving
S+ was/were+ C
S+ V2
S+ was/were+ C
S + Was/were + Ving
S + Had been + C
S + had + V3
S + Had been + C
S + had + been + Ving
S + will/shall + be + C
S + will/shall + V
S + will/shall + be + C
S + will/shall + be + Ving
S + shall/will + have been+C
S + shall/will + have + V3
S + shall/will + have been+C
S+shall/will+have been+Ving

Keterangan waktu
every, Always/never/ rerely/
sometimes/ often/usualy, on,in
Now, at the moment/ at present/
this moment
Since, for, already, just, not yet.
So far, three time
Since, for
Yesterday, Just now, last, ago
When, while, at
Before, after, when
before, for
tomorrow, next, tonight, in the
future, this weekend in five day

at
Before, by, for
by

CONDITIONAL TENSES/ PENGANDAIAN

Type
Future

Present

Past

Formula
if + S+ V_s/es S + will/can/may + v
Present Future
we can play chess if my headache disappears
if + S + v2 S + would + V1
Past past future
if I had time, I would go to your house
S+
would/could/might+hav
If + S + had + V3 e+v3
Past perpect Past Future Perpect
had she got money, she would have bought car
S + V as if/as though + S+ V2
Present Past
He always speaks as if he were an expert on his
field
as if/as thought + S + Had
S + V2 + V3
Past Past Perpect
Herman smiled as though he had felt happy

Keterangan

was tidak dipakai

dlm tipe ini hanya
were

Conditional
wish
Type

Future wish
Present
wish
Past wish

Formula
S + wish+ Could/would + V1
(that) were + Ving
I wish that you could help me finish this
work
S+ wish +(that) + S + V2
we wish that they visited us soon
S + wish + Had + V3
(that) + S + Could have +V3
I wish that she had finished her study last
month

Keterangan

suatu kejadian
yang tidak akan
pernah terjadi
saat ini dan yg
akan datang

SEQUENCES OF TENSES/URUTAN KATA KERJA MENURUT

WAKTU
Aturan I
Main Clause Subordinate clause
Past + (that) Past
I knew that he was unwell
Present Semua tenses
Future Tenses Semua tenses
Aturan II untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum
Main Clause Subordinate clause
Past + (that) Present
Galileo found that the earth moves round the sun
Aturan III Than
Main Clause Subordinate clause
Past (than) Semua tenses

INFINITIVE DAN GERUND

Ada dua infinitive: infinitive with to, and infinitive Kata kerja berfungsi sebagai kata
without to
benda (gerund)
Penggunaan infinitive without to jika dipakai
Digunakan sebagai subjek
setelah kata
kalimat
Can-could, may-might, must, have/has/had, shall- Mengikuti kata kerja berikut
should, will-would, Let,make,help
Ex.
Resent
Postpone (menunda)
Enjoy
You should
meet your mother Avoid
you have to let
me
Deny
Practice
Appreciate
Resist (menolak)
go
Suggest
Cant help
Report
Finish
Miss
Admit(menerima)

Quit (meninggalkan)
Consider(memikirkan)

Delay
Mind(memperhatikan

Resume
Recall/risk

Ex. He always denies helping me

1. Gerund dipakai sehabis preposisi sifat,
kerja, benda
Ex. Afraid of discussing, no excuse for
dropping
give up smoking

2. Digunakan untuk menerangkan benda

Ex. waiting room * washing room * swimming
pool

Digunakan untuk it+.+ing

Ex. it is no use trying to meet her

Kata berikut bisa diikuti gerund maupun

infinitive

Begin

Continu

Cant

Dread

Hate

e
Love

stand
Like

(takut)
prefer

regret

try

start

Ex. Start to study start studying

CLAUSES (relative pronoun:

WHO/WHOM/WHOSE/WHICH/THAT)
1. Who untuk orang yang berkedudukan sebagai subjek
Ex. Diro who has won the contest feels very happy
2. Whom untuk orang sebagai objek
Ex. The man whom many people hate is sitting under the tree
3. Whose menggantikan orang/benda/binatang yang menyatakan kepunyaan
Ex. The man whose hair is gray likes dancing
4. Which untuk menyatakan benda/binatang sebagai subjek/objek
Ex. I like the rose flower which Andi brought yesterday
5. That untuk umum dan berkedudukan apa saja

Dependent Clause (anak Kalimat)

N clouse sebagai S
Relative pronoun + S Be + C
+V
What you know Is not the reality
Relative pronoun + S V + C
+V
That you want to help Makes me happy

N clouse sebagai O
S + Be Relative pronoun + S + V
Andry is good at How to modify an old
machine
S + V Relative pronoun + S + V
Everyone likes How you speak English

AUXILIARY
A. AUXILIARY VERBS/ kata kerja bantu (be, have, do, dare, need, used to,
accustomed to)

Be + to + V1

The director is to (diharapkan) open the meeting

(harus/diharapkan/akan)
Be + V3 (di, ter.)
Have + V3 (telah/sudah)

My son is visited by his friends almost everyday

He has lived in for

Have + to+ V1 (harus/terpaksa)

I have to go .

Had better + V1 (sebaiknya)

I had better go ..

Need + to + V1 (harus/perlu) untuk

I need to solve this problem soon

positif
Need + V1 ( perlu/harus)

I need not go ./ need I go.

B. Modal
Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu modal)
negative/tanya
Present

Past Tense

Tenses
Can
May
Must
Shall

Could
Might
Had to
Should/ought
to/had better

will

Would

1. Would you.. mind +Ving (sudikah)

2. Would you like + to infinitive (untuk
mengundang)
Ex. Would you like to come .

3. Would rather (lebih suka) + V1.. than.

Ex. Andi would rather drink juice than ice

4. Could, May, Might, Must, Should, + have+ Verb

3
Ex. The cause of could have been bacteria

DIRECT/INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT
V1
V2
Is/am
Are
Have/has

INDIRECT
V2
Had+V3
Was
Were
Had

DIRECT
Must
shall
Will
Ought to + V1 /

INDIRECT
Had to
Should
Would
Ought to + V3 /

be
+ V1 /

been
Could
+ V3 /

+ V1 /

been
Might
+ V3 /

+ V1 /

been
Should
+ V3 /

Could
be

Do/does

Did

Might
be

can

Could

Should
be

been
May
Must
Would
+ V1 am!
/
Would
+ V3 /
Ex. (D):
Andi said: you
should be
there at 7.00
(I): He told to me, I should have been
be there at 7.00ambeen

PRESENT AND PAST PAARTICIPLE

Present
1. Sebagai kat sifat >> a singing
women
2. Membentuk present conti
3. Setelah kata kerja berkaitan
dengan panca indra
Feel/hear/listen to/find/look
at/know/
notice(memerhatikan)/observe/p
erceive(merasa)/See/smell/watch
.. +Ving
4. Setelah kata kerja>>
catch-caught/find-found + +
Ving
5. Stelah have + O (melatih) + Ving,
ex. He had me driving in a
week
7. Menggantikan induk kalimat
6. Setelah kata >>>
8. Dua tindakan dg O yang sama dan
spend/waste/ + expression of
terjadi di waktu yang sama
time/money + Ving
Ex. He walk away slamming the
Ex. I spend five billion renovating
door
my house
9. S sama dan Suatu tindakan diikuti
oleh tindakan lainnya

10. Mengungkapkan suatu kejadian terjadi

sebelum kegiatan lain
Ex. Not Having been notified of the
cancelation of time departure, james
arrived late
11. Kegiatan terjadi sebelum kegiatan
lainnya
Ex. Having known the test result, he went
home
12. Menggantikan anak kalimat/kalusa
yang dimulai >>
as/since/because/while + S+ V
Ex. Walking home, he saw fire
Past
13.
Menggantikan relative clause (anak
1. Sebagai
kata kata
sifatsifat)
kalimat
pengganti
ex. A waiting
written for
textthe bus very
Ex. The students
tired
2. Present perfect
tense

3. Menggantikan S
4. Dua kegiatan dengan S sama
Ex. Convinced that flood would hit
Jakarta, he moved to Bogor that evening

5. Kegiatan terjadi sebelum

kegiatan lain
Ex. Having been informed that he
became the winner, he held a thanks

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE AND CAUSATIVE VERB

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE >>NOTE: Kalimat pasif tidak merubah
tenses
dari kalimat aktif
Rumus dan
contoh:
1. Simple present/simple past tense
Am/is/are/was/were + V3 + by
Ex. thirty houses were destroyed by the
tornado

5. Modals + perfect
Modal + have + been +v (past)
Ex. (a): Rudi should have taken the
medicine this morning
(p): the medicine should have been
taken by Rudi this morning

2. Present conti and past conti

Am/is/are/was/were + being + V3
CAUSATIVE VERB
+ by
Have/get/make(meminta/menyeba
Ex. active: the committee was
bkan/membuat)
considering several new proposals
Passive: several new proposals were

3. Present perfect/past perfect

being considered by committee
Has/have/had + been + V3

Ex. (a): the company has ordered some

new equipment
(p): some new equipment have been
ordered by company

4. Modal be
Modal + be + V3

(a): S + Have + O + V1
(a): S + get + O + V to infinitive
(p): S + have + O + V3

Ex. (a): I had my friend repair my hp

(a): I got my hp repaired
(p): my hp was repaired by my friend
(p): I got her paper typed this week

Ex. (a): my brother will learn

(a): I am getting her paper type this week
mathematics today
(p): mathematics will be learnt by my

SUBJUNCTIVE
adalah kata kerja tertentu
setelah kata kerja tertentu
Advise
Request
(subjunctive)
(menasehati)
Ask (meminta)

Command,
Stipulate, Order
(memerintah)
Decree
(menyatakan)
Prefer (lebih suka)

Inpersonal expressions

(meminta)
Require
(mensyaratkan)
Suggest
(menyarankan)

Urge (mendesak)
Demand
(menuntut)
Insist (mendesak)

Advised
(dinasehatkan)
Important (penting)
Mandatory
(disyaratkan)
Necessary (perlu)
Obligatory (wajib)
Proposed (diusulkan)

Recommended
(direkomendasikan)
Required
(dipersyaratkan)
Suggested
(disarankan)
Urgent (mendesak)
Imperative
(diperintahkan)

Propose
(mengusulkan)
S + V + that + S + V /
it + be + adjective + that + S + V
Recommended
Move
(merekomendasik
(menggerakan) Ex.
an)
- we urge that he leave now
/
we urge him to leave now
- It was recommended (direkomendasikan) that we wait for the result of test

QUESTIONS AND QUESTION TAG

Cara I
Q

Preps
tn

N/Ad

word
j
When

Ax
V
Will

The
y
Who

Did You
How

Did You
Whom
Shal I
l
Which Book Do
You

Cara II

Main
v
Sing?

Cara III
V
S
Is
Ugi

Meet?
Get
There? Are
were
Give This
to?
Want
?
Wait? Cara IV

Q tagHow N LongV Shal C/O

We
What

Is l That?
at
time
we
Eat?
What what

Wentshall
Wrong?
Who

Is
Singing?
Who

Cam To
e
school?
Who

Sold The
tickets?
Which
Book Is
The best?
How
eggs are
There?
many

Ax V

Does
Do
Shall
may

They
they

Main
V
Dewi Live
You
Like
We
Dance
i
go

C
A
good
teacher?
Usefull boks?
Happy?

O/C
There?
The dress?

With you?