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Upscaling of Geocellular Models For Flow Simulation: Louis J. Durlofsky
Upscaling of Geocellular Models For Flow Simulation: Louis J. Durlofsky
Upscaling of Geocellular Models For Flow Simulation: Louis J. Durlofsky
Flow Simulation
Louis J. Durlofsky
Acknowledgments
Yuguang Chen (Stanford University)
Mathieu Prevost (now at Total)
Xian-Huan Wen (ChevronTexaco)
Yalchin Efendiev (Texas A&M)
(photo by Eric 2
Flodin)
Outline
Issues and existing techniques
Adaptive local-global upscaling
Velocity reconstruction and multiscale solution
Generalized convection-diffusion transport model
Upscaling and flow-based grids (3D unstructured)
Outstanding issues and summary
Efficiency
Injector
Producer
Producer
Injector
Multiscale modeling
Upscaling of flow (pressure equation)
Fine scale solution of transport (saturation equation)
or
Local
Extended Local
Global domain
A New Approach
Standard local upscaling methods unsuitable for
highly heterogeneous reservoirs
Global upscaling methods exist, but require global
fine scale solutions (single-phase) and optimization
Adaptive Local-Global Upscaling
New approach uses global coarse scale solutions to
determine appropriate boundary conditions for local
k* or T * calculations
Efficiently captures effects of large scale flow
Avoids global fine scale simulation
7
Thresholding in ALG
Regions for
Local calculations
Permeability
Streamlines
Coarse blocks
|q c|
Identify high-flow region,
> ( 0.1)
|q c|max
Multiscale Modeling
Solve flow on coarse scale, reconstruct fine
scale v, solve transport on fine scale
k p 0
*
S
( vS ) 0
t
10
Partition coarse
flux to fine
scale
Upscaling,
global
coarse scale
flow
S
( vS ) 0
t
Reconstructed
fine scale v
(downscaling)
Averaged fine
Upscaling 220 60 22 6
25.0
Extended
Extended local,T *: Q = 7.17
Error: 67%
ALG
upscaling: Q = 20.01
10.0
5.0
0.0
2
Iteration
12
Adaptive local-global T *
13
100 realizations
120 120 24 24
k * only
T * + NWSU
ALG T *
14
BHP (PSIA)
Time (days)
15
BHP (PSIA)
BHP (PSIA)
Time (days)
Time (days)
16
1.2
1
220
60 22 6
0.8
ALG T *
Fo 0.6
Flow rates
Fine scale: Q = 6.30
Extended T *: Q = 1.17
Extended local T *
0.4
0.2
Fine scale
0
0
0.2
0.8
17
0.5
0.0
Fine scale
streamlines
Reconstructed Sw from
extended local T * (22 6)
Reconstructed Sw
from
ALG T * (22 6)
18
Typical layers
Upscale from
6022050 124410
using different methods
19
Average errors
k* only: 43%
Extended T* + NWSU: 27%
Adaptive local-global: 3.5%
20
Producer 1
fine scale
Fo
ALG T
local T * w/nw
Fo
standard k*
standard k*
local T * w/nw
PVI
fine scale
ALG T *
PVI
( x , S ) k p 0 ,
*
S c
F* ( x, S c ) 0
t
*
*
k
k
* ( x, S c ) = rw ro , Fi* v ic f i * ( x, S c )
w o
*
rw i
( k ) w
fi (S ) *
( k rw )i w + ( k ro* )i o
*
* upscaled function
c
coarse scale p, S
23
Generalized Convection-Diffusion
Subgrid Model for Two-Phase Flow
(modified convection m
and diffusion D terms)
G(x, S c ) v c f ( S c ) m(x, S c )
* ( x, S c )k * p c 0
primitive term
GCD term
* ( S c ) W1 ( x, S c ) W2 ( x, S c ) S c
(modified form for total
mobility, Sc dependence)
25
D( S ) S v f ( S ) v f ( S )
p=0
S=1
26
Solution Procedure
fine grid: lx lz
Lx = Lz
27
Oil Cut
100 x 100
10 x 10 (GCD)
10 x 10 (primitive)
10 x 10 (pseudo)
PVI
28
29
30
p=1
10 x 10 (GCD)
lx = 0.25, lz= 0.01, =2
10 x 10 (primitive)
10 x 10 (pseudo)
p=0
p=0
Oil Cut
S=1
0 t 0.8 PVI
100 x 100
p=1
S=1
PVI
31
Oil Cut
Total Rate
PVI
100 x 100
10 x 10 (GCD)
10 x 10 (pseudo)
PVI
Oil Cut
Total Rate
PVI
100 x 100
10 x 10 (GCD)
10 x 10 (pseudo)
PVI
Oil Cut
Total Rate
PVI
100 x 100
10 x 10 (GCD)
10 x 10 (pseudo)
PVI
*k * p c 0
* ( S c )
* ( S c , S c )
t 0.6 PVI
flow rate
oil cut
36
upscaling
info. maps
coarse model
gridding
Gocad
interface
flow simulation
flow simulation
diagnostic
37
CVFE method:
qij = a pi + b pj + c pk + ...
or qij = Tij ( pi - pj )
Primal grid
connection
p=1
fitted
extended
regions
Tij = *
cell j
p=0
<qij>
<pj> - <pi>
cell i
39
cumulative frequency
Pb
Pa
a
min
property
N (number of nodes)
max
resolution constraint
Sb
Sa
min
a
property
max
40
Upscaled k*
(from Prevost, 2003)
41
p=1
p=0
0. 5
0.25
42
6 x 6 x 13 = 468 nodes
8 x 8 x 18 = 1152 nodes
Reference (fine)
TPFA
MPFA
0.8
Fw
0.8
Fw
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
PVI
0.6
0.8
error in Fw
error in Q/p
TPFA
7.6%
-1.2%
MPFA
17.9%
-25.2%
0.2
0.4
PVI
0.6
0.8
error in Fw
error in Q/p
TPFA
16.8%
-5.9%
MPFA
21.3%
-31.7%
43
log |V|
grid size
sb
Flow results
1
reference
uniform coarse (N=21x11x11=2541)
flow-rate adapted (N=1394)
0.8
0.6
Fw
F
Qc=0.99
0.4
(Qf = 1.0)
Qc=0.82
0.2
0.2
0.4
PVI
PVI
0.6
0.8
44
Summary
Upscaling is required to generate realistic coarse
scale models for reservoir simulation
Described and applied a new adaptive local-global
method for computing T *
Illustrated use of ALG upscaling in conjunction with
multiscale modeling
Described GCD method for upscaling of transport
Presented approaches for flow-based gridding and
upscaling for 3D unstructured systems
45
Future Directions
Hybridization of various upscaling techniques
(e.g., flow-based gridding + ALG upscaling)
Further development for 3D unstructured systems
Linkage of single-phase gridding and upscaling
approaches with two-phase upscaling methods
Dynamic updating of grid and coarse properties
Error modeling
46