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Wastewater Reuse Final
Wastewater Reuse Final
Wastewater Reuse Final
Selected Applications
Wastewater Plant
Standards
Some states have guidelines,
some have regulations
Washington has guidelines
EPA Guidelines
Urban Reuse
Restricted-Access-Area Irrigation
Agriculture
Reuse
Disinfected, Tertiary
Recreational Impoundments
Treated
Effluent
can
Landscape
Impoundments
be used Uses
in all of these
Construction
IndustrialApplications
Reuse
Groundwater Recharge
Indirect Potable Reuse
Secondary Effluent
Complete Treatment
Expensive!!!!
Filter can be several units
Chemical Addition depends on SE
Direct Filtration
Chemical
Addition
SE
Effluent
Coagulation
Flocculation
Filtration
Contact Filtration
Optional
GAC
Adsorption
Chemical
Addition
SE
Coagulation
Filtration
Effluent
How Effective?
After secondary
with BNR plus
disinfection
After secondary
with BNR plus
depth filtration
and disinfection
After secondary
with BNR plus
microfiltration, RO
and disinfection
TSS
5-20
1-4
BOD
5-20
1-5
0-2
TN
2-12
2-12
NO3
1-10
1-10
0.1-0.5
0.1-0.5
0.5
Turbidity
2-6
0.1 -1
Bacteria
2.2-240
2.2
5-10
100-10000
.0001
Constituent
Phosphorus
Protozoan
Viruses
Agricultural Reuse of
Wastewater
One of the most significant uses of
reclaimed wastewater
Water needed for irrigation in some
states accounts for >80% of demand
Regulations and guidelines vary
widely from state to state
Guidelines for food crop use (21
states) and non-food crop use (40
states)
Benefits of Agricultural
Reuse
High concentrations of nutrients
May eliminate need for fertilizer
Long-term soil enrichment
Decreases demand on potable water
supply
Additional treatment in soil
Water not discharged to receiving
waters
Disadvantages of
Agricultural Reuse
Health risk from associated pathogens
Health risk from other contaminants
(e.g. metals, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals)
Decrease in soil quality from
accumulation of metals and
acidification
Infiltration of groundwater
Agricultural Reuse in
Washington
Foods consumed raw
surface irrigation: water requires oxidation
and disinfection with mean total coliforms
< 2.2/100 ml
spray irrigation: water requires oxidation,
coagulation, filtration, disinfection and total
coliforms < 2.2/100ml
Processed foods
only oxidation and disinfection, regardless
of irrigation type, and a 7-day mean total
coliforms < 240/100 ml
CROSS CONNECTIONS!!!
San Diego, CA
Ponoma, CA
Serves CA Polytechnic Institute, paper mills
Austin, TX
Tucson, AZ
Residential Wastewater
Reuse
Why reuse wastewater at home?
Conserve precious drinking water supply
Droughts
Arid climates
Overuse or population overwhelming supply
Save money
Reduce environmental impact associated
with wastewater treatment & disposal
Residential Wastewater
Reuse
Greywater:
Wastewater from sinks, bathtubs,
showers, dish washer, laundry (anything
except toilets)
May contain pathogens, likely to contain
other microbes, detergents, FOGs, bleach,
hair, food particles, suspended solids
Not for potable reuse unless tertiary
treatment
Residential Wastewater
Reuse
Simple home water reuse:
Collect warming tap water in bucket
Hose from sink drain to outdoors
planter box
Residential Wastewater
Commercially availableReuse
greywater treatment & recycling
Residential Wastewater
Commercially availableReuse
greywater treatment & recycling
Residential Wastewater
Reuse
Residential Wastewater
Reuse
Groundwater Recharge
Califor
nia
Florida
Groundwater Recharge
Limitations (1)
Extensive land areas may be
needed for spreading basins
Costs for treatment, water quality
monitoring, and
injection/infiltration facilities
operations may be expensive.
Recharge may increase the danger
of aquifer contamination due to
inadequate pretreatment.
Groundwater Recharge
Limitations (2)
Not all recharged water may be
recoverable
Hydrogeologic uncertainties may
reduce the effectiveness of the
recharge project in meeting water
supply demand
Inadequate institutional arrangements
or groundwater laws may not protect
water rights
Groundwater Recharge
Techniques
Groundwater Recharge
Guidelines (WA)
Treatment
BOD5
TSS
Turbidity
Total
Coliform
Total
Nitrogen
Oxidized, coagulated,
filtered, and disinfected
5 mg/l
5 mg/l
2 NTU (Avg); 5 NTU (Max)
2.2/100 ml (Avg); 23/100
ml (Max)
Not specified
Source: US EPA. Guidelines for
Conclusions
Many current uses for recycled
wastewater
Varying levels of treatment required
Pros:
Conserve potable water
Reduce effluent to environment
Cons:
Health & safety precautions necessary
Careful planning needed
Questions?