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Bioseparaciones Mistura Grande
Bioseparaciones Mistura Grande
engineering
Low product concentration concentrations
Large number of impurities,
Thermolabile bioproducts.
Narrow operating pH and ionic strength window
Shear sensitivity of bioproducts
Low solubility of bioproducts in organic solvents
Instability of bioproducts in organic solvents
Stringent quality requirements
Percentage purity
Absence of specific impurities
Biological products
Product
Nature
of
required
Alcoholic beverages:
Beer, wine, spirits
Clarification, distillation
Organic acids:
Acetic acid, citric acid
Precipitation, filtration,
adsorption, solvent
extraction
Vitamins:
Vitamin C,
riboflavin
vitamin
Amino acids:
Lysine,
phenylalanine
bioseparation
Precipitation, filtration,
B12,
adsorption, solvent
extraction
Precipitation, filtration,
glycine,
adsorption, solvent
extraction
Antibiotics:
Penicillins, neomycin,
bacitracin
Precipitation, filtration,
adsorption, solvent
extraction
Carbohydrates:
Precipitation, filtration,
Filtration, precipitation,
centrifugation, adsorption,
chromatography, membrane
based separations
Filtration, precipitation,
centrifugation, adsorption,
chromatography, membrane
based separations
Stability requirements
Conventional strategy:
The RIPP scheme
Recovery, isolation, purification and polishing
Based on a logical arrangement of bioseparation
methods
Low-resolution, high-throughput techniques (e.g.
precipitation, filtration, centrifugation,
crystallization) are first used for recovery and
isolation
High-resolution techniques (e.g. adsorption,
chromatography, electrophoresis) are then used
Bioseparation methods
Low resolution-high throughput
Cell disruption
Precipitation
Centrifugation
Liquid-liquid extraction
Leaching
Filtration
Supercritical fluid extraction
Microfiltration
Dialysis
Ultracentrifugation
Adsorption
Packed bed chromatography
Affinity separation
Electrophoresis
Ultrafiltration
Fluidized bed chromatography
Membrane chromatography
Monolith column chromatography
1.3 RENDIMIENTO
Incluso para buenos rendimientos del 80-95 por 100 por
etapa, el rendimiento global puede ser pobre para
cualquier proceso que requiera un gran nmero de etapas.
1.4 METODOLOGA
Es usualmente deseable reducir el volumen del proceso al
inicio en la elaboracin corrientes abajo y eliminar cualesquiera
componentes que puedan extraerse con facilidad (partculas,
solutos pequeos, agregados grandes, cidos nucleicos, etc.) a
fin de evitar carga excesiva en los procesos de separacin ms
refinados comentes abajo.
I - Ruptura de clulas.
Los productos intracelulares de protenas estn presentes
tanto como:
protenas solubles,
enlazadas,
como de inclusin.
fsicos
(choque
osmtico
y
ciclos
congelacin/descongelacin),
reactivos qumicos (detergentes, caotropos) o enzimticos
(lisozimas, fagos).
Cell Lysis
Figure 4 (a) Phospholipid molecule and its outline. (b) Cell plasma
membrane formed by phospholipids with their polar head groups
in contact with aqueous phases. The molecules are about 2.5 nm
long. Vertical bar represents a cholesterol molecule, and the large,
irregular blob represents a protein molecule that is in contact with
both the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu.
(3)
where = osmotic transmembrane pressure, R = gas constant, T = absolute
temperature (K), ci-co = difference between total solute molarity inside and outside
the cell, respectively
Sonication
Ball milling
Pestle homogenization
Shearing devices (blender)
High pressure homogenizers
Bead mill
Cascading
beads
Rolling
beads
Cells being
disrupted
Colloid mill
Rotor
Disrupted
cells
Cell
suspension
Stator
French press
Plunger
Cell
suspension
Cylinder
Jet
Orifice
Impact
plate
Ultrasonic vibrations
Ultrasound
generator
Ultrasound tip
Cell suspension
Mechanisms
Surface charge neutralisation - ionic saltIonic bridging
- Ca++ linkages
Polyelectrolyte bridging - synthetic charged polymers
Polymer entrapment - long chain polymers
Physical interaction - pellets
Chemico-physical method - surface chemistry
interactions,agglomeration after lysis.
Disadvantages Of Flocculations
Poorly understood mechanisms, 'Poor control'
Unpredictable batch fermentations
Lack of operational data
Low dewatering
Costs
No recycling
Less applicable to cell debris
Physical instabilities / Shear degradation
2. RECOLECCION INICIAL
2.1 RECOLECCIN Y CONCENTRACIN INICIALES DEL
PRODUCTO
Las etapas iniciales del procesamiento se determinan en gran
medida mediante la localizacin de las especies de producto y
consisten generalmente en la separacin de clula-caldo y/o la
extraccin de desechos de las clulas.
Para los productos retenidos dentro de la biomasa durante la
produccin, es necesario primero concentrar la suspensin de las
clulas antes de la homogenizacin o tratamiento qumico para liberar
el producto.
En esta etapa la clarificacin para extraer los slidos suspendidos es
la meta del proceso.
2.1.1 Centrifugacin.
Las
velocidades
de
sedimentacin
deben
ser
suficientemente altas para lograr la separacin y pueden
mejorarse mediante la modificacin de las condiciones de la
solucin para promover la agregacin de protenas o impurezas.
Centrifugation Efficiency
Types Of Centrifuge
1) Tubular bowl
Hazards to the enzyme are aeration and the
consequent foaming of the clarified solution,
which aerosol formation may be a hazard to
the user. This occurs because of turbulence
in the bowl.
Very high angular velocity turbulence
foaming & aerosol
2) Multichamber
They have large radius, low angular velocity, thus
sedimentation occurs with high efficiency over large
surface area.
They're widely used for Baker's yeast.
Some heating(because the bowl is located above the gearbox)
represents a danger to the enzyme.
3) Scroll
They used for continuously handling coarse material(such as
sewage sludge. They're few hazards to enzymes.)
4) Basket
They used for food.
Liquid-Solid Separation
Filtration
Physical separation of solid particles from liquid or
gas.
a porous medium: allow fluid to pass through
solid particles to be retained.
Filter cake
Slurry flow
Filter medium
Filtrate
Liquid-Solid Separation
Filtration
Rotary vacuum filtration
Particle size: greater than 10 m, yeast, mold, animal
or plant cells.
i.e. mycelium separation for antibiotics production or
waste water treatment
Microfiltration
Particle size: 0.1 - 10 m, bacterial and yeast cells.
Ultrafiltration
Size: 10-200 , Cell debris, macromolecules
http://www.solidliquid-separation.com/
VacuumFilters/vacuum.htm
http://www.komline.com/Products_Services/
Filtration/RotaryVac.html
gc pA
dV
dt (rm rc )
where V is the volume of filtrate (m 3 ), A is the surface area of the filter (m 2 ),
p is the pressure drop through the cake and the filer medium (N/m 2 ),
is the viscosity of the filtrate (kg/m - s),
rm is the resistance of the filter medium (m -1 ),
rc is the resistance of the cake (m -1 ).
g c is 9.8
kg m
kg f s 2
,
A
A
where W CV
CV
dt
(r
)
m
A
dV
Ag c p
CV
dt
(r
)
m
A
2 A2
pg c
K
C
t
Plot versus V, the slope is 1/K,
V
and the intercept is 2V0 / K .
t/V
V0 , K determine parameters : rm , , or p
dV
q0 (constant ) V q0t , V 0 at t 0
dt
dV
Ag c p
q0
dt r CV
m
A
p K1q0 t K 2 q0
rm
C
K1
, K2
2
gc A
gc A
Liquid-Solid Separation
Filtration
Rotary vacuum filtration
Particle size: greater than 10 m, yeast, mold, animal or plant cells.
i.e. mycelium separation for antibiotics production or waste water
treatment
Microfiltration
Particle size: 0.1 - 10 m, bacterial and yeast cells.
Ultrafiltration
Size: 10-200 , Cell debris, macromolecules
(antibiotics, proteins, polysaccharides)
Pressure P1
Feed in
Pressure P2
Feed out
Membranes Filtration
Reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration :
Concentration of enzymes
Ultrafiltration :
molecules are forced hydraulically through a membrane of
very small pore size.
Reverse osmosis :
A ultrafiltration using a membrane with pores small enough to
allow the passage of solvent molecules only, as in the
desalination of sea water.
Ultrafiltration is a particularly useful method for enzyme work.
Electrophoresis
A separation technique often applied to the analysis of
biological or other polymeric samples
Among the most powerful for estimating purity
because of its simplicity, speed, and high resolution,
and also because there is only a small probability that
any of the components being analyzed will be lost
during the process of analysis
Has frequent application to analysis of proteins and
DNA fragment mixtures and has been increasingly
applied to the analysis of nonbiological and
nonaqueous sample
The electric field doest not effect a molecules
structure, and it is highly sensitive to small difference
in molecular charge, size and sometimes shape
Electrophoresis
Principles
The fundamental principle behind electrophoresis is the
existence of charge separation between the surface of a
particle and the fluid immediately surrounding it
An applied electric field acts on the resulting charge density,
causing the particle to migrate and the fluid around the particle
to flow
The electric fields exerts a force on the particles charge or
surface potential
Two particles with different velocities will come to the rest in
different locations after a fixed time in an electric field The
particle velocity is related to the field strength by
Gel electrophoresis
Figure 1 SDS-PAGE (denaturing gel electrophoresis) and Western blot results for
bovine growth hormone (bGH) expressed as a C-terminal fusion to E. coli NusA
protein. (a) Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
results with Coomassie blue staining. (b) Western blot results obtained by using rabbit
anti-bGH polyclonal antibody and visualized by means of chemiluminescence. Fusion
proteins were expressed at 37C in E. coli by induction of the tac promoter. Equal
portions of cell lysate, soluble fraction, and insoluble fraction were loaded. Key: m,
markers; u, uninduced whole cell lysate; i, induced whole cell lysate; sol, soluble
fraction; ib, inclusion body fraction.
Capillary electrophoresis
Isoelectric focusing
Support Media
Paper Electrophoresis
Support Media
Polyacrylamide Gels
One of the most commonly used electrophoretic
methods
Analytical uses of this technique center on protein
nucleic acid characterization (e.g. purity, size, or
molecular weight, and composition)
Acrylamide is neurotoxin, however, the reagents must
be combined extremely carefully
The sieving properties of the gel are defined by the
network of pores established during the polymerization
: as the acrylamide concentration of the gel increases,
the effective pore size decreases
The most commonly used combination of chemicals to
produce a polyacrylamide gel is acrylamide,
bisacrylamide, buffer, ammonium persulfate, and
tetramethylenediamine (TEMED)
Agarose Gel
Support Media
Capillaries
The fused silica capillaries are flexible due to an outer polyimide coating and
are available in inner diameters ranging from 10 to 300 m
Fused silica is transparent to UV light, which enables the capillary to serve
as its own detection flow cell
Electrostatic interactions with the capillary surface can develop, however,
when charged species are being separated
To overcome this problem is to chemically modify the inner capillary surface
to produce a nonionic, hydrophilic coating, resulting in the shielding of the
silanol functionalities
Support Media
Comparison of Electrophoresis Matrices
Detection Techniques
Chemical Staining
Fluorescence
Provides much better detection limit than simple chemical
stains, typically involves the covalent binding of the fluorescent
residue to the analyte
Fluorescamine- popular reagent for labeling of proteins
At room temp. and alkaline pH, fluorescamine can react with
primary amine on the protein to generate a fluorescent
derivative
The reagent ethidium bromide often used to visualize DNA
Detection Techniques
Radioactivity
Immunoelectrophoretic Techniques
Known as crossed immunoelectrophoresis
A sample is first run longitudinally through an agarose gel for a
predetermined time
Second, a longitudinal strip of the gel area in which of the
sample was electrophoresed is typically cut out and placed into
a similarly sized area of an antibody containing gel
As an electric current is applied to the gel, each band of the
sample with form an antigen-antibody precipitation pattern
through the gel
Qu es la electroforesis?
ELECTROFORESIS
Separar y analizar molculas:
protenas
ADN/ARN
nodo
SOPORTE
ctodo
nodo
ELECTROFORESIS DE ZONA
SOPORTE que retiene las molculas:
elevado poder de resolucin
FUNDAMENTO DE LA ELECTROFORESIS
Estudia
la
migracin de
las partculas
coloidales en
el seno de un
campo
elctrico
Separa
los diferentes
elementos que componen
una mezcla compleja en
funcin de la carga elctrica
de los mismos
VELOCIDAD DE LAS
PARTICULAS
Depende de ...
La carga de las
mismas
La intensidad del
campo elctrico y
Del coeficiente de
friccin de las
molculas con el
medio
TIPOS DE ELECTROFORESIS
Libre
Tipos de
electroforesis
Papel
Sobre
soporte
Acetato de celulosa
Gel
Almidn
Poliacrilamida
Agar
APLICACIN DE LA
ELECTROFORESIS
Fraccionamiento
de
las hemoglobinas
Diferenciacin de la
hemoglobina fetal
Diagnstico de
talasemias, anemias
falciformes, etc
Protenas
sricas
Protenas urinarias
Lipoprotenas
cidos nucleicos
Enzimas
Inmunoelectroforesis
Etc.
3.1 Precipitacin.
La precipitacin de producto, impurezas o contaminantes se
puede inducir mediante
la adicin de solventes,
sales o polmeros a la solucin,
por incremento de temperatura o por ajuste del pH de la
solucin
Se usa en las etapas iniciales de la secuencia de separacin,
en las etapas que siguen a la centrifugacin, filtracin y/o
homogeneizacin.
La precipitacin se lleva a cabo en dos etapas,
extraccin de las impurezas masivas y
la precipitacin y concentracin la protena de inters.
Generalmente, se forman precipitados amorfos debido a la
oclusin de sales o solventes, o a la presencia de impurezas.
3.2 Extraccin.
El reparto de la protena deseada a una segunda fase en una
operacin de extraccin lquido-lquido se puede lograr
usando sistemas acuosos de polmeros en dos fases (o
soluciones micelares de fase separada
3.
Extraccin lquido-lquido
Disolventes utilizados:
- Diclorometano CH2Cl2
Cloroformo CHCl3
Tetracloruro de carbono CCl4
Benceno C6H6
Alcohol isoproplico CH3CHOHCH3
Eter dietlico CH3CH2OCH2CH3
Extraccin slido-lquido
Ejemplos:
Obtencin de aceite de frutos oleaginosas.
Lixiviacin de minerales.
POLMERO 2
POLIETILENGLICOLES
DEXTRANOS
POLIETILENGLICOLES
1-4-DEXTRINAS
POLIETILENGLICOLES
ALQUILCELULOSAS
POLIPROPILENGLICOLES
1-4- DEXTRINAS
POLMERO
SAL
POLIETILENGLICOLES
SULFATO DE MAGNESIO
POLIETILENGLICOLES
FOSFATO DE POTASIO
POLIETLENGLICOLES
CITRATO DE POTASIO
POLIETILENGLICOLES
SULFATO DE AMONIO
3.3 Adsorcin.
La adsorcin puede usarse para
la eliminacin de pigmentos y cidos nucleicos,
o para la adsorcin directa de las protenas deseadas.
Las operaciones de lecho expandido o de carga agitada
permiten la presencia de materia con partculas, sin embargo
los lechos fijos no se recomiendan para caldos no clarificados
debido a problemas de ensuciamiento.
Estas separaciones pueden efectuarse a travs de
interacciones de carga, hidrofbicas o
de afinidad, entre las especies y las partculas absorbentes,
como en las etapas cromatogrficas que se explican a
continuacin.
4.1 CROMATOGRAFA.
La cromatografa es la operacin de procesado corriente
abajo ms usada a causa de su versatilidad, selectividad y
eficiencia altas, en adicin a su adecuado potencial de
escalado basado en la amplia experiencia de las industrias de
procesos bioqumicos.
otras tcnicas como la extraccin lquido-lquido es improbable
que reemplacen a la cromatografa en las etapas finales donde
se necesitan altas purezas.
Column Chromatography
The initial step in purification process ;
a) to liberate and concentrate the protein of interest
b) to remove particularly undesirable contaminant
Ex) lipids etc.: results in fouling or clogging of chromatographic
system
Further purification by column chromatography
- Characteristics of protein are important;
Ex) Size and shape
Overall charge
The presence of surface hydrophobic groups
The ability to bind various ligands
Types Of Chromatography
Ion-exchange chromatography - based on charge
Gel-filtration chromatography - based on size and shape
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
- based on degree of hydrophobicity
Affinity chromatography - based on ability to bind specific ligands
Chromatographic techniques
In general, 75 - 95% recovery
Minimization of chromatographic step
(Optimization: 3 - 5 steps, in general)
Affinity Chromatography
- The most powerful and highly selective method
- This technique relies on the ability of most proteins to bind
specifically and reversibly to other compounds(ligands)
- A wide variety of ligands may be covalently attached to an enert
support matrix and packed into a chromatographic column
- Only the protein molecules that selectively bind to the immobilized
ligand will be retained on the column
- Washing the column with a suitable buffer will flush out all
unbound molecules
- An appropriate change in buffer composition result in desorption
of the retained proteins