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Water Treatment Overview
Water Treatment Overview
& UPGRADATION
IN WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Dr V Srihari
Water treatment
for
potable water
Screening,
Definition:
Screening is a unit operation that separates
materials in and/or on water (found in different
sizes) from water and from entering water
treatment facilities and mains.
The unit involved is called a screen.
Classification of Screens
Opening size [Coarse, Medium and Fine]
Configuration [Bar Screens and Mesh
Screens]
Method used to clean the entrapped materials
(manually, mechanically, raked or water-jet
cleaned)
Fixed or moving screen surface.
Initial Stages.
Aeration - dissolving oxygen into the water to
remove smell and taste, promote helpful
bacteria to grow, and precipitate nuisance
metals like iron and manganese.
Types of Aerators
Gravity aerators
Fountain aerators
Diffused aerators
Mechanical aerators.
What is Coagulation?
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by addition of
chemicals that neutralize the negative charges
The chemicals are known as coagulants, usually higher valence
cationic salts (Al3+, Fe3+ etc.)
Coagulation is essentially a chemical process
21
Major Clean Up
Coagulation and flocculation - causes the
agglomeration and sedimentation of suspended
solid particles through the addition of a
coagulating agent (usually aluminum sulfate
and/or iron sulfate) to the raw water along with a
polymer to help form a floc.
Coagulation aim
23
COAGULANT AIDS
Other substances than
coagulants used:
- Clay minerals
- Silicates
- Polymers
JAR TEST:
The jar test simulate the coagulation/flocculation process in
a batch mode.
A series of batch tests are run in which pH, coagulant type
and dosage and coagulant aid are varied to get the optimal
dosage (lowest residual turbidity).
An economic analysis is performed to select these
parameters.
Rapid Mixing - 20 to 60
seconds
Flocculation Gentle mixing
20-60 minutes to aggregate
the particles
Coagulants
Aluminum sulfate (alum)
Ferrous sulfate (ferric)
Ferric chloride
Flocculation
Gentle mixing to cause collisions between particles.
When destabilized particles collide they stick together to
form floc
Flocculation Basins
Settling (Sedimentation)
Circular Basin
Rectangular Basin
Basin Model
Settling
Flocculator-clarifier
Sedimentation Basin
Sludge Conc.
Organics
TOC
Turbidity
Turbidity
Filtration Technologies
Transport to a surface
Molecular diffusion
Inertia
Gravity
Interception
Attachment
Straining
Filtration Technologies
Slow (FiltersEnglishSlow sandBiosand)
First filters used for municipal water treatment
Were unable to treat the turbid waters
Can be used after Roughing filters
Ceramic
Filtration Outline
Filters
Range of applicability
Particle Capture
theory
Filters
Rapid
Slow
BioSand
Pots
Roughing
Multistage Filtration
Filters Galore
Slow Sand
Rapid Sand
Cartridge
Bag
Pot
Bio Sand
10
NTU
100
1000
SSF
10
100
1k
people
RSF+ DE
10k
100k
Cartridge Bag
Pot Candle
Size
(mm)
Anthracite
Influent
Drain
Effluent
Sand
Gravel
0.70
Specific Depth
Gravity (cm)
1.6
30
45
2.65
45
5 - 60
Wash water
Backwash
Wash water
is treated
water!
Anthracite
Influent
Drain
Effluent
Sand
Gravel
Wash water
Final Touches
Disinfection
The filtered water may normally contain some harmful
disease producing bacteria in it. These bacteria must be
killed in order to make the water safe for drinking. The
process of killing these bacteria is known as Disinfection.
Methods of Disinfection
Boiling
Treatment with Excess Lime
Treament with Ozone
Chlorination
Distribution Reservoirs
Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are
the storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for
supplying water in hourly fluctuations for the normal
water demand.
Types of Reservoirs
Underground reservoirs.
Small ground level reservoirs.
Large ground level reservoirs.
Overhead tanks.
Water Storage
Pumped to Storage Tank
Storage
Water pressure
o psi
o 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water
LOOP
SYSTEM
BRANCH
SYSTEM
wikimedia
Wastewater Treatment
The liquid waste- wastewater is essentially the water supply of the
community after it has been used in a variety of applications
Wastewater may be defined from the standpoint of sources of generation
as a combination of the liquid or water-carried wastes removed from
institution, commercial and industrial establishments
Purpose:
To manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries
to reduce the threat of water pollution.
Sewage
66
Sullage:
The term sullage is applied to waste water
which does not contain human excreta, e.g.,
waste water from kitchens and bathrooms
67
Wastewater Characteristics
Wastewater Treatment
Pre-treatment
Preliminary treatment
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Sludge (biosolids) disposal
Wastewater Treatment
Water discharged from homes,
businesses, and industry enters
sanitary sewers
Water from rainwater on streets
enters storm water sewers
Combined sewers carry both
sanitary wastes and storm water
Wastewater Treatment
Water moves toward the
wastewater plant primarily by
gravity flow
Lift stations pump water from
low lying areas over hills
Wastewater Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
- removes large objects and
non-degradable materials
- protects pumps and
equipment from damage
- bar screen and grit chamber
Wastewater Treatment
Bar Screen
- catches large
objects that have
gotten into sewer
system such as
bricks, bottles,
pieces of wood,
etc.
Wastewater Treatment
Grit Chamber
- removes rocks, gravel, broken
glass, etc.
Mesh Screen
- removes domestic items, combs,
towels, plastic bags, syringes, etc.
Wastewater Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Measurement and sampling at the
inlet structure
- a flow meter continuously records
the volume of water entering the
treatment plant
- water samples are taken for
determination of suspended solids
and B.O.D.
Sludge Conc.
Wastewater Treatment
Suspended Solids the quantity of
solid materials floating in the water
column
B.O.D. = Biochemical Oxygen Demand
- a measure of the amount of oxygen
required to aerobically decompose
organic matter in the water
Wastewater Treatment
Measurements of Suspended Solids
and B.O.D. indicate the effectiveness
of treatment processes
Both Suspended Solids and B.O.D.
decrease as water moves through
the wastewater treatment processes
Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
-- a physical process
-- wastewater flow is slowed down
and suspended solids settle to the
bottom by gravity
-- the material that settles is called
sludge or biosolids
Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Sludge from the primary
sedimentation tanks is pumped
to the sludge thickener.
- more settling occurs to
concentrate the sludge prior to
disposal
Biological Treatment
In the case of domestic wastewater treatment,
the objective of biological treatment is:
To stabilize the organic content
To remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
Types:
Aerobic Processes
Anaerobic Processes
Combined AerobicAnaerobic Processes
Pond Processes
Attached Growth
Suspended Growth
Combined Systems
Aerobic
Facultative
Anaerobic
Wastewater Treatment
Primary treatment reduces the suspended
solids and the B.O.D. of the wastewater.
From the primary treatment tanks water is
pumped to the ASP/trickling filter for
secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment will further reduce
the suspended solids and B.O.D. of the
wastewater.
Three approaches
Fixed Film Systems
grow microorganisms on substrates such as
rocks, sand or plastic
wastewater is spread over the substrate
Ex: Trickling filters, rotating biological
contactors
Rock Media
Trickling Filters
With time, the slime layer
becomes thicker and thicker until
oxygen and organic matter can not
penetrate to the organisms on the
inside.
93
95
Activated sludge
mixed community of microorganisms
Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may
exist
Biological floc is formed
Wastewater Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Aeration
Diffused Aeration
Coarse Bubble
Fine Bubble
Mechanical Aeration
Turbidity/SS
Organics (COD, BOD, TOC)
Dissolved
Oxygen
Ammonia
Nitrate
Phosphorus
Sludge
Level
Turbidity/SS
Organics (COD, BOD, TOC)
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorus
Sludge Conc.
Sludge Conc.
Chlorine