Temporal Cyclic Devices

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Most Suitable for Intermittent

Operations.

Thomas Savery
As an English army officer, Thomas Savery was once ejected
from the Lord of the Admiralty's office as a lunatic because he
proposed a ship that could be propelled by side-mounted
wheels rather than by wind or oars.
He exhibited great fondness for mechanics, and for
mathematicians natural philosophy and gave much time to
experimenting, to the contriving of various kinds of apparatus,
and to invention.
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsavery1.htm

Thermodynamic Classification of Living Species

Living Species on
Earth

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Thermodynamic Appreciation of Natural

Machine

Thermodynamic Cycle of A Working Muscle

The Cycle of Events

Inhalation of fresh air.

Intake of diet.
Compression of air.
Digestion of intake with air.
Generation of Mechanical Motion.
Exhalation of waste.
A cyclic creature called natural air breathing Machine.
Actions are discrete but final outcome is continuous.

Requirements of Mobile Power

Fuel (Resource)

Power Plant
--Cycle Design
-- Hardware Design

Land, Water & Air

(Sinks)

MechanicalPower

Thermodynamics of Creation

The flow of energy from a source to a sink

through an intermediate system orders
that system.

Morowitz [1992]

How A Source Becomes A Resource

The flow of energy from a source to a sink

through an intermediate system orders
that system.

Morowitz [1992]

4th Law of thermodynamics

Slowly driven systems naturally self-organize into a critical
state. {Per Bak,1994}
Matter cycles in regions of energy flow; such cycles,
visible in natural complex structures, including those of life,
occur as limited material resources scramble to provide a
vehicle for entropy export. {Schneider & Sagan, 2005}

 Cyclic devices will live long.

Newcomen Engine
The original Thomas Newcomen engine was invented in 1712.

James Watts Engine

James Watt radically improved Newcomen's engine (1769) by condensing
the steam outside the cylinder .

James Watt Engine

Watt's Double-Acting Engine, 1784.

The Watt Hammer, 1784.
Trevithick's Locomotive, 1804
The " Atlantlc," 1832.
Steam Engine Reached its pinnacle in
size when it was called to drive 5 MW
electric generator.

Steam Engine As an Alternate to Horse or Cattle..

Sadi Nicolas Lonard Carnot

1814: After graduating, Carnot went to the cole du Gnie at
Metz to take the two year course in military engineering.
He realized that the most important requirement of a nation to
develop fast is Motive Power.
1819: Carnot began to attend courses at various institutions in Paris.
The problem occupying Carnot was how to design good steam engines.

Sadi Nicolas Lonard Carnot

The problem occupying Carnot was how to
design good steam engines.
Steam power already had many uses
Draining water from mines,
Excavating ports and rivers,
Forging iron,
Grinding grain, and
Spinning and weaving cloth
But it was inefficient

The Ideal Artifical Horse

1824: Sadi Carnot, who founded the science of

thermodynamics, identified several fundamental ideas that
would be incorporated in later internal combustion engines:
1. He noted that air compressed by a ratio of 15 to 1 would
be hot enough (200C) to ignite dry wood.
2. He recommended compressing the air before
combustion. Fuel could then be added by "an easily
invented injector".
3. Carnot realized that the cylinder walls would require
cooling to permit continuous operation. Later, Diesel thought
he could avoid this, but found out the hard way.
4. He noted that usable heat would be available in the
exhaust, and recommended passing it under a water boiler.