CHAPTER 11:

BIODIVERSITY

CHAPTER 11: BIODIVERSITY

11.1 BIODIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION
11.2 DOMAIN BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
11.3 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM
PROTISTA/PROTOCTISTA
11.4 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM FUNGI
11.5 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM PLANTAE
11.6 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM ANIMALIA

11. 1 BIODIVERSITY AND

CLASSIFICATION

OBJECTIVES:

State types of biodiversity (genetic,

species and ecosystem).
State hierarchical classification
State the classification systems
Five-kingdom system based on the
Whittaker (1969)
Three-domain system (Bacteria,
Archaea and Eukarya)

TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem
diversity

Genetic diversity

The combination of different

genes found within a population
of a single species or within
different populations of the same
species

Species diversity

The variety of species in an

ecosystem or throughout the
entire biosphere

Ecosystem diversity

The variety of ecosystems and

ecological processes in the
biosphere as well as the
diversity within ecosystems

TAXONOMY
Definition :
- The science of naming,
describing
and classifying organisms.
It includes
- Identification
- Classification
- Nomenclature (naming)

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
AND NOMENCLATURE
Biological classification is based on:
- Taxon A group of organism at a
particular
level in a classification system.
Called taxonomic hierarchy.
Biological nomenclature is based on the
binomial system.
Pioneered by
Linnaeus
(1707-78)

Swedish

naturalist

Carl

BINOMIAL SYSTEM
Every organism is given a scientific name.
The name has two parts;
-The first part is the genus (generic name)
-The second part is the species (specific
name).

BINOMIAL SYSTEM
The first alphabet of the genus is written
in capital letter.
All letters in the species are lowercases.
Both parts are italicized (if typed) or
underlined (if handwritten).
Example :
(i) Rana temporaria @ Rana temporaria
(common frog)
- Rana is the generic name and temporaria
the specific name.
(ii) Homo sapiens (human)

HIERARCHICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomic Group :

The
named
taxonomic unit at any
level of the hierarchy
is called a taxon.

HIERARCHICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Examples:
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class
: Mammalia
Order
: Carnivora
Family : Felidae
Genus : Panthera
Species : Panthera pardus
@ Panthera pardus

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
1. Five-kingdom system based on the
Whittaker (1969)
2. Three-domain system (Bacteria,
Archaea and Eukarya)

(1) FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM

Five kingdoms classification :

(introduced by Robert Whittaker
1969)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM
Whittaker has classified living
organism based on 3 criteria:
(i) Levels of cell organisation:
o Prokaryote and eukaryote
o Prokaryote belongs to Kingdom
Monera
o Comprising
bacteria
and
cyanobacteria
(ii) Level of organism:
o Unicellular and multicellular
o Unicellular organism / unicellular
eukaryotes
belong
to
Kingdom

FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM

(iii) Types of nutrition of multicellular

o Autotrophic and heterotrophic
o Autotrophic
nutritional
mode
belongs to Kingdom Plantae
o Heterotrophic is either saprophytic
(absorptive) or holozoic

FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM
o Multicellular eukaryote that is
saprophytic (heterotrophic
absorptive) nutritional mode belongs
to Kingdom Fungi
o Multicellular eukaryote that is
holozoic (heterotrophic ingestive)
nutritional mode belongs to Kingdom
Animalia

The Whittakers 5-Kingdom System

Living organisms
Levels of cell organization
Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

MONERA

Organism

Unicellular

Multicellular

PROTISTA

Types of nutrition

Photosynthetic
(Autotrophic)
PLANTAE

Heterotrophic
Types of nutrition

Saprophytic
(absorptive)

Holozoic
(ingestive)

FUNGI

ANIMALIA

FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM:
SUMMARY

The 5-Kingdom System

(2)THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
Introduced by Carl Woese (1977)
Based on differences in ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) sequence between
microorganisms.
rRNA molecular building block for
ribosomes.
3 domains:
(i) Domain Bacteria
(ii)Domain Archaea
(iii)Domain Eukarya

THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
Domain Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotes
Mostly single cell and microscopic
Domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes
Include both unicellular and
multicellular organisms
Unicellular: Protists
Multicellular: Kingdom Fungi,
Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom
Animalia