ELECTRICAL POWER

(EN2560)
Lecture By
Lecture
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Yashwant Sinha
2
9/2/2015
Power in Circuits & Phasors and
Phasor Diagrams

Introduction to POWER IN CIRCUITS

POWER in AC
Circuits
Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power supplied to a device is
simply the product of the instantaneous voltage
across its terminals and the instantaneous current
that flows through it.
p=vxi
Instantaneous power is always expressed in Watts
and may be positive or negative. A positive power
value means that power flows into the device, whilst
a negative power indicates that power is flowing out
of the device.

POWER in AC
Circuits
Active (Real) Power
The simple circuit shown
in (a) consists of a resistor
connected to an ac source.
The effective voltage and
current are E and I and for
a resistive circuit, phasors
E and I will be in phase.

(a)
I

(b)

average power

(2E) x (2I) = 2EI

2 EI
EI
2

POWER in AC
Circuits

Reactive Power

jXL

(a)

average value of power is zero.

(b)

instantaneous power in this circuit is a

series of identical positive and negative
pulses.
positive sections correspond to the
instantaneous power delivered by the
source to the reactor.
negative sections represent
instantaneous power returned from the
reactor to the source.
frequency of the power wave is again
twice the line frequency.

Note: we get exactly the same result

with a capacitive circuit.
Power that surges back and forth in
this manner is called reactive power
(symbol Q) and has units of VAr (Volt
Amp Reactive).

Power in AC
Circuits

Reactive Power
By definition a reactor is considered to be a reactive load that
absorbs reactive power. Conversely a capacitor is taken to be a
reactive source that generates reactive power.
Apparent Power
Loads that absorb both active power P and reactive power Q
may be considered to comprise resistive and inductive
reactance components.
Power
P = |V||I|cos Watts
Reactive Power
Q = |V||I|sin VAr
(voltamps reactive) S
Apparent Power
S = P + jQ VA

pf

P VI cos

cos
S
VI

Question 1

Answers
Question 2

Answers

Question 3

Answers
Question 4

Answers

1. Sample Questions on AC Power

2. Sample Questions on AC Power

Fundamentals of PHASORS

Phasors and Phasor Notation

- AC voltages and currents can be represented diagrammatically by
phasors, the length of which corresponds to the rms value of the voltage
or current.
- Voltage and current values have a magnitude and direction (or phase
displacement) - like vectors.
- An arrow is used to signify the direction of the phasor. The angle between
two phasors is equal to the electrical phase angle between the quantities.
- Two phasors are said to be in phase when they are parallel to each other
and point in the same direction. The phase angle between them is then
zero.

Phasors and Phasor Notation

Parallel Vectors

Collinear Vectors

The phase angle between them is the

angle through which one of the phasors
has to be rotated to make it point in the
same direction as the other.

Vector
Vectors at an angle
(Out of Phase vectors)

V leads Vector I by angle O

Vector I legs Vector V by angle

Phasors and Phasor Notation

Example

rms value of voltage

Draw the phasor diagram of the voltage and current in Figure 3.

rms value of current

I lags V by 30 degrees

V
240V
30o

60 Hz

I 10A

Question

Solution
VR
Vs

VX = Vr + Vl

Phasor Diagram Method

RESULTS

OR

Arithmetic Method

So,

RESULTS

Question

Solution

Vector Representation

END of LECTURE