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Choosing Statistical Procedures For Research Problems
Choosing Statistical Procedures For Research Problems
STATISTICAL
PROCEDURES FOR
RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Is A different from B?
Is there a difference between A and B?
Are there differences among A, B and C?
ASSOCIATIONAL
Is A associated or related with B?
Is there a correlation between A ad B?
What is the relationship between A and B?
DESCRIPTIVE
What is the mean value of A?
What are the usual values in A?
GENERAL
PURPOSE
DESCRIPTION
(ONLY)
SPECIFIC
PURPOSE
COMPARE
GROUPS
TYPE OF
QUESTION/
HYPOTHESIS
GENERAL TYPE OF
STATISTIC
DIFFERENCE
ASSOCIATIONAL
DESCRIPTIVE
DIFFERENCE
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
ASSOCIATIONAL
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
LEVEL OF
MEASUREMEN
T
Nominal
DIFFERENCE
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
Chi-Square
z-test for
proportion
Phi Coefficient
(Median Test)
Contingency
Coefficient
(Cramers V)
Spearmans RankOrder Correlation
Ordinal
Interval/
Ratio
ASSOCIATIONAL
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
t-ratio
Analysis of
Variance
Pearsons
Correlation
Coefficient and
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Frequency
Counts,
Percentage,
Mode
Median
Mean
Standard
Deviation
ACTIVE
ATTRIBUTE
Active
independent
variables independent
Also
known as manipulated
variable.
An active independent variable is a
variable such as workshop, new
curriculum, or other intervention, at
least one level of which is given to a
group of participants, within in a
specified period of time during the study.
independent
Attribute
Also known
as measurevariables
independent
variable. A
variable that cannot be manipulated, yet is a
major focus of the study.
The values of the attribute independent variable
are pre-existing attribute of the persons or their
ongoing environment that are not systematically
changed during the study.
Examples are education, gender, age, ethnic
group, IQ and self-esteem. Studies with only
attribute independent variables are called nonexperimental studies.
Dependent Variable
Extraneous Variable
PARAMETRIC TEST
Independent Variable
is between-subjects
Independent Variable
is within-subjects
Independent Variable
has 2 categories
Independent Variable
has 3 or more
categories
Independent Variable
has 2 categories
Independent Variable
has 3 or more
categories
Correlated groups
t-test
One-way repeated
measures analysis of
variance
(F-test)
NONPARAMETRIC
TEST
Independent
Variable is betweensubjects
Independent
Variable is withinsubjects
Independent
Variable has 2
categories
Independent
Variable has 3 or
more categories
Independent
Variable has 2
categories
Independent
Variable has 3 or
more categories
Kruskal-Wallis
H-test or
Chi-square test
Wilcoxon
signed-rank test
Friedman analysis of
variance by ranks