Transformer

Laboratorium Penelitian Konversi Energi Elektrik

Institut Teknologi Bandung

Transformer

A transformer is a device that

convert ac electric energy at
one voltage level at another
voltage level.

Transformer are important to

modern life

1
.

Thomas A. Edison (1882)

Power Distribution System : New York-USA ; 120 Vdc
Problems : Losses & Voltage Drop = inefficient
Example :
1000 A

Rs=0,05 ohm/10km

50 V
120 V

70 kVA

70V

120 kVA

50 kVA

70 kVA

58 %

High Voltage
1A

70 kV

70 kVA

Rs=0,05 ohm/10km

0,05 V
70 kVA

70kV

0,05 VA

70 kVA

Transformer
are important to modern power system

Low voltage

High Voltage

Real Application on Power System

380 V/20 kV

20 kV/380 V

Transformer
1. Power Frequency , 50/60 Hz
2. Radio frequency, > 30 kHz

1. Power Transformer
2. Instrument Transformer

2. Type and Construction Of Transformer

3. The Ideal Transformer

I P (t)

+
V P (t)

I S (t)

vP (t ) N P

a
vS (t ) N S

+
V S (t)
-

Turn ratio a

NP
NS

The Ideal Transformer

I P (t)

+
V P (t)

I S (t)

N P .i P (t ) N S .I S (t )

+
V S (t)
-

Turn ratio a

iP (t ) 1

iS (t ) a

The Ideal Transformer

I P (t)

I S (t)

V P (t)

+
V S (t)

In term of phasor quantities

VP
a
VS

IP 1

IS a

Power in ideal Transformer

Power
input
ideal

PIN VP I P cos P

Power
input

POUT VS I S cos

P S

Turn ratio
equation

POUT VS I S cos S

VS V P / a and I S aI P

POUT

VP

aI P cos PIN
a

Power in ideal Transformer

Active
power

POUT VP I P cos PIN

QOUT VS I S sin VP I P sin QIN

reactive
power
Apparent
power

S OUT VS I S VP I P S IN

Evaluasi
Untuk memahami konsep trafo ideal berikan ke
mahasiswa, contoh sederhana misalnya :
Cara mendapatkan tegangan sekunder y volt
jika tegangan primernya x volt.
Arus sekunder b ampere pada tegangan y
volt, cari arus primer a ampere pada
tegangan X volt.
Ambil nilai x dan y yang bedanya sangat
besar
Soal pada sistem 1 fasa dulu saja.

Impedance Transformer
Impedance =
ratio of the phasor voltage across it ti the phasor current
IL

VL
ZL
IL

Impedance Transformer
IP

VP
Z 'L
IP

+
V

+
V

if

VP aVS

IS

VS
ZL
IS

IP IS / a
aVS
VP
2 VS
Z 'L

a
IP IS / a
IS

Z 'L a 2 Z L

Theory of operation of real singlephase transformers

I P (t)

+
V P (t)

I S (t)

V S (t)
-

The basis transformer operation can be derived

from Faradays law

Flux
linkage

eind

dt

i
i 1
N

eind

d
N
dt

EMF equation of a transformer

Faraday law of
electromagnetic
induction

max cos t

e N max sin t
RMS Value

N m
E
4,44 fN m
2

d
e N
dt

Transformer Losses
Copper (I2R) losses
Eddy current losses
Hysteresis losses
Leakage flux

The equivalent circuit of a transformer

the model of a real transformer

The equivalent circuit of a

transformer

Phasor diagram corresponding referred to

primary

j I1 X
I1 R

IC
aV

2
Im

I0

I 2 /a

aI 2 R
I1

The equivalent circuit of a

transformer

Test on transformers

Open-Circuit Test

Result : VOC IOC POC

Open-Circuit Test Result

Conductance of the core-loss
resistor

1
GC
RC

Susceptance of the magnetizing inductor

Admittance

YE GC jBM

Magnitude admittance

I OC
YE
VOC

BM

1
XM

1
1
YE
j
RC
XC

Open-Circuit Test Result

POC
PF cos
VOC .I OC

Power Factor
Power Factor angle

Admittance

POC
cos
VOC .I OC
1

I OC
YE

V OC
I OC
YE
cos 1 PF
V OC

Test on transformers
Short-Circuit Test

Result : VSC ,ISC ,POC

Short-Circuit Test Result

Z SE

Series impedance

VSC

I SC

Power Factor of the current

PSC
PF cos
VSC .I SC

Lagging - Current angle (-),Impedance angle (+)

Therefore,

Z SE

VSC 0 0
VSC

I SC I SC

PSC
cos
VSC .I SC
1

Short-Circuit Test Result

Series impedance

Z SE Req jX eq
Admittance

Z SE ( RP a 2 RS ) j ( X P a 2 X S )

2.2
The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20 kVA, 8000 / 240 V, 60 Hz
transformer are to be determined. The open circuit test were performed
on the primary side of the transformer, and the following data were
taken :
Open-circuit
test (on
V primary)
= 8000 V

Shots-circuit
test (on
VOCprimary)
= 489 V

IOC = 0,214 A

IOC = 2,5 A

POC = 400 W

POC = 240 W

OC

Ip
+
Vp

Req
38.4

I h e

Im
Rc
159 k

j Xm
j 38.4 k

j X eq

Is
a

j 192

+
a Vs

The per-unit system of measurement

actual quantity
Quantity per unit
base value of quantity

Pbase , Qbase or S base Vbase I base

In single-phase system :

Z base

Vbase

I base

Ybase

I base

Vbase
Z base

(Vbase ) 2

S base

Voltage Regulation & Efficiency

Voltage Regulation

VR

VS ,no load VS , full load

VS , full load

x 100 %

Efficiency

Pout

x 100 %
Pin

Pout

x 100 %
Pout Ploss

Autotransformer
IH

Step-down autotransformer
I SE

VC N C

VSE N SE

SE

IL

IC

V
C

VL
NC

VH N SE N C

N C I C N SE I SE

VL VC

VH VC VSE

I H I SE

I L I SE I C

I L N SE N C

IH
NC

Power rating -autotransformer

S IO N SE N C

SW
N SE

SIO =Input and Output apparent powers

SW

= apparent power in the

transformer windings

For example, a 5000 kVA autotransformer connecting a 110 kV

system to a 138 kV system would have an NC/NSE turn of ratio of
110 : 28. Such an autotransformer would actually have
windings rated at :

SW S IO

N SE
28

5000 kVA 1015 kVA

N C N SE 28 110

Three-phase transformer

P1

S1

P2

S2

P3

S3

A three-phase transformer bank composed of independent transformer

P1

P2

P3

S1

S2

S3

A three-phase transformer wound on a single three-legged core

Three-phase transformer connections

Wye-wye (Yy)
Wye-delta (Yd)
Delta-wye (Dy)
Delta-delta (Dd)

Wye-wye (Yy) Connection

V P
V S

VLP

VLS

3 V P
3 V S

Wye-delta (Yd) Connection

VLP

VLS

3 V P
V S

VLP
3a
VLS

Delta-wye (Dy) Connection

V P
VLP

VLS
3 V S
VLP
a

VLS
3

Delta-delta (Dd) Connection

VLP V P

a
VLS V S

A 50 kVA 13.800 / 208 V, Dy distribution transformer

has a resistance of 1 percent and reactance of 7
percent per unit.
(a) What is the transformers phase impedance
referred to the high-voltage side?
(b) Calculate this transformers voltage regulation at
full load and 0,8 PF lagging, using the calculated
high-side impedance.
(c) Calculate this transformers voltage regulation
under the same conditions, using the per-unit
system.

Instrument transformers
Potential transformer (PT)
Current transformers (CT)
CT
PT
S
V