3# Assessing Work System Structure

Human
Human Factors
Factors /Ergonomics
/Ergonomics
Prepared by: rahmanarief
ASSESSING WORK SYSTEM

STRUCTURE
The Concept of Macroergonomics

The unique technology of HF/E
human-system interface (HSI)

technology
The subpart of HIS:
Human
Human Factors/Ergonomics
Factors/Ergonomics
Human-Machine interface Tech.
(Hardware ergonomics)
Human-Environment interface Tech.
(Environmental Ergonomics)
Human-Software interface Tech.
(Cognitive Ergonomics)
Human-job interface Tech. (Work
design Ergonomics)
Human-organization Tech.
(Macroergonomics)
Rahmanarief@gmail.com
MACHI
MACHI
NE
NE
ORGAN
ORGAN
IZATIO
IZATIO
N
N
ENVIRO
ENVIRO
NMENT
NMENT
HUMAN
HUMAN
JOB
JOB
SOFTW
SOFTW
ARE
ARE
Macroergonomics : the definition

Macroergonomics : a perspective, a methodology, and a
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
recognized subdicipline of HF/E.

As a perspective: an appreciation for larger system
As a subdicipline: concerned with human-organization
interface (HOI) tech.
Conceptually, Macroergonomics is a top-down
sociotechnical systems approach to the design of work
system, and the carry-through of the overall work
system design to the design of human-job, humanmachine, and human-software interface.
Goal: to optimize the work systems design in terms of
its sociotechnical characteristics.
Macroergonomics Versus Industrial and

Organization Psychology
Macroergomics
flip side) of macroergonomics

Macroergonomics focuses on designing
work systems to fit people
I/O psychology primarily is concerned
with selecting people to fit work
systems.
Both : concerned with the design of
organization structures and processes.
P s yc h o l o g y
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
I/O psychology is the opposite site (the
ORGANIZATION
Work Systems Structure

3 Major sociotechnical systems element:
A. The technological Subsystems
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
B. Personnel Subsystems
C. Relevant external environment
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
A. TECHNOLOGICAL SUBSYSTEM
Several determinant of technological
subsystem:
1. By the mode of production (production
tech.)
2. By the action individuals perform on an
object to change it (knowledge-based
tech.)
3. By the way it reduces uncertainty
(strategy for reducing uncertainty)
4. By the degree of automation and workflow
rigidity (workflow integration)
Production Technology
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Scale of increasing technological complexity :
Unit, Mass, and Process Production

Highest the technological complexity
heavily automated production firms.
3 organizational structure variables to increase
as the increase of technological complexity:
the degree of vertical differentiation
the optimal ratio of administrative support staff to
industrial line employees

the span of control of the top-line managers
Knowledge-Based Technology
Perrow (1967) developed a more generalizeable model that uses knowledge b

rather than a production clasification sceme.
2 dimensions of knowledge based tech. :
Task variability ( the number of exceptions)
Task analyzability (type of search procedures)
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Task Variability
Problem
Analyzability
Routine with few

exceptions
High variety with

many exceptions
Well defined
and analyzable
ROUTINE
ENGINEERING
ill defined and

un-analyzable
CRAFT
NON-ROUTINE
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Technology Uncertainty
Thomson (1967) identified 3 types of
technology:
Long-linked (sequential interdependence
of its units), such as : automobile assembly
line.
Mediating (links clients on both input and
output sides), such as: banks, post offices,
logistics, etc.
Intensive (provides a customized
response to a diverse set of contingencies),
such as: hospital
Workflow Integration
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Workflow integration : automation of
equipment
For smaller organization this factor was
found weakly related to the structure
For larger organization as workflow
increase, the specialization, the
formalization, the decentralization should
be increased.
10
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
B. PERSONNEL SUBSYSTEM
Three major characteristics of subsystem
(Hendrick, 1977):
Degree of Professionalism
Demographics factors (Graying of
workforce, value system shifts, cultural
diversity, and women)
Psychological aspects of workforces
11
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
C. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
ANALYSIS
5 types of external environment that affect
organizational functioning:
Socioeconomics
Educational
Political
Cultural
Legal
Negandhi (1977)
12
Environmental Uncertainty
Dimentions
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Degree of Change
Degree of Complexity
Stable
Dynamics
Simple
Low Uncertainty
Moderate-High
Uncertainty
Complex
Moderate-Low
Uncertainty
High Uncertainty
13
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Classical or Machine Bureaucracy
Professional Bureaucracy
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Adhocracies
Matrix design
Free-form design
Modular form
Virtual Organizations
14
Human
Human Factors
Factors /Ergonomics
/Ergonomics
Macroergonomic as
an organizing
process for systems
safety
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
MacroErgonomic
Analysis of Structure
(MAS)
Macroergonomic Analysis of Structure

Hasil
metode MAS dapat dapat mengidentifikasi adanya

ketidakcocokan sistem kerja dalam keadaan organisasi yang
sebenarnya atau dapat diaplikasikan kedalam desain organisasi
yang baru.
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Ada 3 elemen utama MAS :
1. Technological Subsystem
2. Personnel System
3. Relevant External Environment
Dimana model empris yang dibangun menurut studi yang
berkaitan dengan elemen sistem sosiotechnical mempunyai

hubungan dengan platform dimensi utama.
Platform Metode MAS

1. Complexity
Adalah derajat perbedaan yang ada dalam struktur kerja
2. Formalization
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Adalah derajat yang menyatakan pekerjaan apa yang sesuai

dengan standard yang sudah ada
3. Centralization
Adalah dimana proses pengambilan keputusan terjadi dalam

sistem kerja tersebut
Task Variability
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Problem
Analyzability
Routine with few

expectations
High variety with many

expectations
Well defined and

analyzability
Routine
engineering
ill defined and analyzability
craft
Nonroutine
Degree of Change
Degree of
Complexity
Stable
Dynamic
Simple
Low uncertainty
Moderately high
uncertainy
comple
c
Moderately low
uncertainty
high uncertainty
Tecnological Subsystem
Model Charles Parrow untuk teknologi hubungan sistem kerja
menggunakan dasar ilmu skema klasifikasi.
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Mempunyai 2 dimensi utama :

1.
Task Variability : Jumlah pengecualian dalam satu pekerjaan
2.
Task Analyzability : Tipe prosedur oencarian yang tersedia untuk

merespon pengecualian task
. Penurunan tabel matrix mempunyai 4 dasar, yaitu :

1.
Routine
2.
Nonroutine
3.
Engineering
4.
Craft
Personel Subsystem Analysis
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Hal
ini selalu berkaitan dengan cognitive

individu yang nantinya akan berpengaruh
pada pekerjaan, yaitu :
1. Profesonalism
2. Cultural Factors
3. Psycosocial Factors
Relevant External Environment

Menurut
Negandhi (1973), Relevant External Environment

mempunyai 5 tipe yang dapat mempengaruhi organisasi , yaitu :
1. Socioeconomic
2. Educational
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
3. Political
4. Cultural
5. Legal
. Selanjutnya
environment
uncertainty
dipertimbangkan
menggunakan dimensi perubahan, penambahan untuk
lingkungan yang diberi task yang spesifik adalah dinamis atau
tetap stabil dan overtime yang terprediksi.
Cont
Penggunaan MAS sebagai alat
merupakan penilaian subyektif terhadap
organisasi, berhubungan dengan atau nilai skala yang digunakan. Outcome nya
akan menghasilkan nilai numeric yang dapat dibandingkan dengan data work
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
sistem yang keluar pada saat sekarang.
Analisis dari masing2 kunci vari sociotecnical dan structure work system
memerlukan
pengetahuan
akan
organisasi
dan
assesementnya,
yang
berhubungan dengan kombinasi proses subyektif dan obyektif.
Analisis struktural melalui MAS merupakan sebuah konteks untuk analisis proses
melalui MEAD.
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
MacroErgonomic
Analysis and Design
(MEAD) Method
10 Framework untuk melakukan assessmet

dalam MEAD
1. Scanning analysis
2. System type and Performance analysis.
3. Technical work process analysis.
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
4. Variance data collection.

5. Variance matrix analysis.
6. Variance control and role analysis.
7. Organizational , joint and function design.
8. Resposibility perception analysis
9. Support system & Interface design
10.Implement iterate and improve.
10 Framework MEAD
1. Scanning analysis
mengidentifikasi elemen utama sistem. (input, output, batasan, interaksi
lingkungan, stakeholder, dan obyektif)
2. System type and performance analysis
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
mengidentifikasi ekspektasi performa dan kriteria performa untuk

sistem.
3. Technical work process analysis.

melakukan flowcharting proses sistem dan mengidentifikasi unit
operasi. Menggunakan pendekatan participatory.
4. Variance data collection.

Variansi (penyimpangan SOP) diidentifikasikan, diklasifikasikan,dan
dibuat matriks variansi
5. Variance matrix analysis.

matriks variansi dianalisa dan adan tabel kontrol dibuat.
10 Framework MEAD
6. Variance control and role analysis.
role matrix mngidentifikasikan peranan (eksternal & internal) dan
hubungannya.
7. Organizational , joint and function design.
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Mengontrol variansi melalui pengenalan sebuah intervesi atau

solusi. Digunakan pendekatan participatory.
8. Resposibility perception analysis

peran dan tanggung jawab dievaluasi melalui metode partisipatori.
9. Support system & Interface design

Subsistem pendukung dievaluasi dan di desain ulang jika perlu.
10.Implement iterate and improve.

implementasi, iterasi , dan perbaikan perubahan. Dapat berupa
bentuk proposal yang berisi rekomendasi
HAZARD
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Adalah sumber bahaya (material, sumber
energi, ataupun operasi) dengan potensi

menyebabkan penyakit, injury, atau
kematian peda orang atau kerusakan pada
failitas dan lingkungan.
SYSTEM SAFETY ANALYSIS
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Analisis formal mengenai sistem dan
hubungannya dengan banyak part yang

bervariasi ( plant, hardware, peraturan,
prosedur, dan personnel) untuk
mengetahui hazard sebenarnya dan
potensialnya dan memberikan saran untuk
mengurangi dan mengontrol hazard
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Macroergonomics and
system safety selection
criteria
System Safety Analysis

Preeliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
(FMEA)
Fault Hazard Analysis
Subsystem Hazards Analysis (SSHA)
System Hazards Analysis (SHA)
Cause-Consequence Analysis
Project Evaluation Tree (PET)
Human
Human
Organization
Organization
al
al Level
Level
Technology
Technology
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Environmen
Environmen
tt
Regulatory
Regulatory
Level
Level
National
National
Level
Level
Safety
Syste
m
Based on the MEAD process and MAS, a system accident

causation model, and the existing system safety analysis
tools, general criteria for selecting a system analysis tool has
been create include: Human, Technology, Environment.
When evaluating the safety system, several questions were
considered at the O,R,N
MAS
MEAD
Sociotechn
ical
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Designing
Implementin
g
Me
as
uri
ng
Example :
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Subsyste
m
Hazards
Subsystems
Evaluating
Project
Man-Machine
HardwareSoftware
Hazard
analysis
Evaluating a spesific Project with subsystem hazards

combining with hazards analysis, it analyze system by the
interfaces between subsystem, man-machine, and hardwaresoftware.
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Thank You
End of Presentation, Thank U
Human
Factors/Ergonomics
Q&A
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Human

Prepared by: rahmanarief

ASSESSING WORK SYSTEM

The Concept of Macroergonomics

human-system interface (HSI)

Human-Machine interface Tech.

Macroergonomics : the definition

recognized subdicipline of HF/E.

Macroergonomics Versus Industrial and

flip side) of macroergonomics

I/O psychology is the opposite site (the

Work Systems Structure

A. The technological Subsystems

Scale of increasing technological complexity :

Unit, Mass, and Process Production

industrial line employees

Perrow (1967) developed a more generalizeable model that uses knowledge b

Routine with few

High variety with

ill defined and

Workflow integration : automation of

Macroergonomic Analysis of Structure

metode MAS dapat dapat mengidentifikasi adanya

Ada 3 elemen utama MAS :

berkaitan dengan elemen sistem sosiotechnical mempunyai

Platform Metode MAS

Adalah derajat perbedaan yang ada dalam struktur kerja

Adalah derajat yang menyatakan pekerjaan apa yang sesuai

Adalah dimana proses pengambilan keputusan terjadi dalam

Routine with few

High variety with many

Well defined and

ill defined and analyzability

menggunakan dasar ilmu skema klasifikasi.

Mempunyai 2 dimensi utama :

Task Variability : Jumlah pengecualian dalam satu pekerjaan

Task Analyzability : Tipe prosedur oencarian yang tersedia untuk

. Penurunan tabel matrix mempunyai 4 dasar, yaitu :

Personel Subsystem Analysis

ini selalu berkaitan dengan cognitive

Relevant External Environment

Negandhi (1973), Relevant External Environment

merupakan penilaian subyektif terhadap

sistem yang keluar pada saat sekarang.

berhubungan dengan kombinasi proses subyektif dan obyektif.

10 Framework untuk melakukan assessmet

4. Variance data collection.

2. System type and performance analysis

mengidentifikasi ekspektasi performa dan kriteria performa untuk

3. Technical work process analysis.

4. Variance data collection.

5. Variance matrix analysis.

7. Organizational , joint and function design.

Mengontrol variansi melalui pengenalan sebuah intervesi atau

8. Resposibility perception analysis

9. Support system & Interface design

10.Implement iterate and improve.