Teachers Discovering Computers

Integrating Technology
in the Classroom
3rd Edition

Chapter 1
Introduction to Integrating
Technology in Education

CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

Explain the difference between computer,

information, and integration literacy
Define and describe computers and their
functions
Identify the major components of a computer
Explain the four operations of the information
processing cycle: input, process, output, and
storage
2

CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

Explain how speed, reliability, accuracy,

storage, and communications enable
computers to be powerful tools
Differentiate among the various categories of
software
Explain the purpose of a network
Discuss the uses of the Internet and the
World Wide Web

CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

Explain why computer technology is

important for education
Describe the National Educational
Technology Standards (NETS-T) for
Teachers
Provide examples of how computers are
changing the way people teach and learn

CURRICULUM-SPECIFIC
LEARNING

Learning how to apply teaching principles,

knowledge, and ideas to authentic and
practical classroom lessons and projects
that can benefit your students

COMPUTER, INFORMATION AND

INTEGRATION LITERACY

Computer literacy
Knowledge and understanding of computers and
their uses
Information literacy
Knowing how to find, analyze, and use information
Integration literacy
The ability to use computers and other
technologies combined with a variety of teaching
and learning strategies

Computers are present in every aspect of daily living in

the workplace, at home, in the classroom, and for
entertainment
7

WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND

WHAT DOES IT DO?

An electronic machine
that can accept data
(input), manipulate the
data according to
specified rules
(process), produce
results (output), and
store the results for
future use

WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND

WHAT DOES IT DO?
Data collection of unorganized facts
Information organized data
Input data entered into a computer
Processing activity of organizing data
Output processed results from a
computer

WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND

WHAT DOES IT DO?
Storage holding data and information for
future use
Information processing cycle the cycle of
input, process, output, and storage
User a person who communicates with the
computer
Hardware the physical equipment that
makes up the computer
Software a series of instructions that tells
the hardware how to perform tasks

10

Processing data into information

11

THE COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER

Variety of hardware components that

work together with software to carry
perform calculations, organize data, and
communicate with other computers

12

THE COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER
Input devices
Output devices
System unit
Storage devices
Communications devices

13

14

15

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

A computer designed for use by one

person at a time

16

MOBILE COMPUTERS AND

MOBILE DEVICES

Mobile Computers
Notebook computer
Tablet PC

Mobile Devices
Handheld Computer
PDA
Smart Phones

17

WHY IS A COMPUTER SO
POWERFUL?
Speed
Reliability
Accuracy
Storage
Communications

Network
Electronic mail
18

The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that

links together millions of business, the government,
educational institutions, and individuals
19

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer programs
A series of instructions that tells the
hardware of a computer what to do and how
to do it
Stored on various storage media
Installing programs
Running programs

20

When you buy software, you receive media such as a

CD-ROMs or a DVD-ROM that contains the software
program
21

22

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

System software
Operating system
Microsoft Windows
Mac OS

23

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

System software
User interface
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Microsoft Windows
Mac OS

24

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

System software
Utility programs
Application software

25

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Application software
Software suites

Word Processing
Spreadsheet
Database
Presentation graphics
Communication

AppleWorks is a popular
suite used by teachers and
students primarily on
Macintosh computers26

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Application software
Packaged software

Packaged software is available

at computer stores, office
equipment suppliers, retailers,
and the Internet
27

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Application software
Custom software
Shareware, freeware, and public domain
software
Software development
Computer Programmers
Systems Analyst

28

NETWORKS AND THE

INTERNET

Network
A collection of computers and devices
connected together via communications
media and devices
Local area network LAN
Wide area network WAN

29

A local area network (LAN) enables two separate

computers to share the same printer

30

A wide area network (WAN) can be quite large

and complex, connecting users in offices around
the country

31

NETWORKS AND THE

INTERNET

The Internet
Worlds largest network
E-mail
Information
Shopping
Meeting people
Entertainment

32

33

NETWORKS AND THE

INTERNET
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Online Service
World Wide Web (WWW)

Web pages
Web site
Web browser

34

35

WHY USE COMPUTER

TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION?
Technology is everywhere
Technology can support learning
Computers support communications
beyond classroom walls
Support of national and international
organizations

36

The ISTE technology standards and performance

indicators provide a framework for implementing
technology in teaching and learning

37

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Ridgedale High School

All computers on a local area network
Three labs of 30 computers each
PC and Macintosh

Internet connection in each classroom

38

Ridgedale High Schools Web site allows teachers,

students, and parents to have direct access to
extensive and up-to-date school-related information

39

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Superintendent
Technology plan
Committee members
can access the plan
remotely

40

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Principal
Sending several email messages to
teachers and staff
Overseeing
technology
purchases and
implementation

41

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

School secretary
Automated phone
system
Database software
Desktop publishing

42

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Technology
coordinator
Supporting systems
Problem solving

43

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Cafeteria manager
Purchasing and
inventory
Enrollment in school
lunch program

44

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Media specialist
Maintains online
catalog
Creates classroom
activities
Runs media center

45

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Teachers
Create classroom
presentations
Research
assignments
Group laptop
computers
Monitor student
progress

46

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Parent
Web site links
parents and school
Keep track of events
School information

47

AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE

SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS

Community
Links school and
community
Students teach
senior citizens how
to use a computer

48

CHAPTER SUMMARY
Explain the difference between computer,
information, and integration literacy
Define and describe computers and their
functions
Identify the major components of a
computer
Explain the four operations of the
information processing cycle: input,
process, output, and storage

49

CHAPTER SUMMARY
Explain how speed, reliability, accuracy,
storage, and communications enable
computers to be powerful tools
Differentiate among the various
categories of software
Explain the purpose of a network
Discuss the uses of the Internet and the
World Wide Web

50

CHAPTER SUMMARY
Explain why computer technology is
important for education
Describe the National Educational
Technology Standards (NETS-T) for
Teachers
Provide examples of how computers are
changing the way people teach and
learn

51

Teachers Discovering Computers

Integrating Technology
in the Classroom
3rd Edition

Chapter 1 Complete

Milestones in
Computer
History

53

Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry

design and build the first electronic digital
computer. Their machine, the
Atanasoff-Berry-Computer, or ABC,
provides the foundation for advances in
electronic digital computers

During World War II, British scientist Alan

Turing designs the Colossus, an electronic
computer created for the military to break
German codes. The computers existence
is kept secret until the 1970s.

54

Dr. John von Neumann writes a brilliant paper

describing the stored program concept. His
breakthrough idea, where memory holds both
data and stored programs, lays the foundation
for all digital computers that have since been
built.
Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Exkert, Jr.
complete work on the first large-scale electronic,
general-purpose digital computer. The ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
weighs 30 tons, contains 18,000 vacuum tubes,
occupies a 30-by-50-foot space, and consumes 160
kilowatts of power. The first time it is turned on,
lights dim in an entire section of Philadelphia.

55

William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter

Brattaim invent the transfer resistance device,
eventually called the transistor. The transistor
would revolutionize computers, proving much
more reliable than vacuum tubes.

The first commercially available electronic digital

computer, the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic
Computer), is introduced by Remington Rand.
Public awareness of computers increases when
the UNIVAC I, after analyzing only 5 percent of
the popular vote, correctly predicts that Dwight
D. Eisenhower will win the presidential election.

56

Dr. Grace Hopper considers the concept of reusable

software in her paper, The Education of a Computer.
The paper describes how to program a computer with
symbolic notation instead of the detailed machine
language that had been used.

The IBM model 650 is one of the first widely used

computer systems. Originally planning to produce
only 50 machines, the system is so successful that
eventually IBM manufactures more than 1,000.
With the IBM 700 series of machines, the company
will dominate the mainframe market for the next
decade.

57

The IBM 305 RAMAC system is the first to use

magnetic disk for external storage, This system
provides storage capacity similar to magnetic
tape that previously was used, but offers the
advantage of semi-random access capability.

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), an efficient,

easy-to-use programming language, is introduced
by John Backus.

58

Computers built with transistors mark the beginning

of the second generation of computer hardware.

More than 200 programming languages have been

created.
IBM introduces two smaller, desk-sized computers:
the IBM 1401 for business and the IBM 1602 for
scientists. The IBM 1602 initially is called the
CADET, but IBM drops the name when campus wags
claim it is an acronym for, Cant Add, Doesnt Even
Try.
59

COBOL, a high-level business application language,

is developed by a committee headed by Dr. Grace
Hopper. COBOL uses English-like phrases and runs
on most business computers, making it one of the
more widely used programming languages.

The number of computers has grown to 18,000.

Third-generation computers, with their controlling
circuitry stored on chips, are introduced. The
IBM System/360 computer is the first family of
compatible machines, merging science and business
lines.

60

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduces

the first mini-computer, the PDP-8. The machine
is used extensively as an interface for time-sharing
systems.
Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth leads the development
of the BASIC programming language.
Alan Shugart at IBM demonstrates the first regular use
of an 8-inch floppy (magnetic storage disk).
In a letter to the editor entitled GO TO Statements
Considered Harmful, Dr. Edsger Dijsktra introduces
the concept of structured programming, developing
standards for constructing computer programs.
Computer Science Corporation becomes the first61
software company listed on the NYSE.

Under pressure from the industry, IBM announces that

some of its software will be priced separately from the
computer hardware. This unbundling allows the
software firms to emerge in the industry.
The ARPANET network, a predecessor of the Internet,
is established.

Fourth-generation computers, built with chips that use

LSI (large-scale integration) arrive. While the chips
used in 1965 contained as many as 1,000 circuits, the
LSI chip contains as many as 15,000.

62

Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation develops a

microprocessor, or microprogrammable computer
chip, the Intel 4004.

MITS, Inc. advertises the first microcomputer, the

Altair. Named for the destination in an episode of
Star Trek, the Altair is sold in kits for less than $400.
Although initially it has no keyboard, no monitor,
no permanent memory, and no software, 4,000 orders
are taken within the first three months.
Ethernet, the first local area network (LAN), is
developed at Xerox PARC (Polo Alto Research Center)
63

Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs build the first Apple

computer. A subsequent version, the Apple II, is an
immediate success. Adopted by elementary schools,
high schools, and colleges, for many students the
Apple II is their first contact with the world of
computers.
VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program written by Bob
Frankston and Dan Bricklin, is introduced. Originally
written to run on Apple II computers, VisiCalc will be
seen as the most important reason for the acceptance
of personal computers in the business world.
The first public online information services,
CompuServe and the Source, are founded.

64

Alan Shugart presents the Winchester hard drive,

revolutionizing storage for personal computers.
IBM offers Microsoft Corporation co-founder, Bill
Gates, the opportunity to develop the operating system
for soon-to-be announced IBM personal computer.
With the development of MS-DOS, Microsoft achieves
tremendous growth and success.

The IBM PC is introduced, signaling IBMs entrance

into the personal computer marketplace. The IBM PC
quickly garners the largest share of the personal
computer market and becomes the personal computer
choice in business.

65

3,275,000 personal computers are sold, almost

3,000,000 more than in 1981.
Hayes introduces the 300 bps smart modem. The
modem is an immediate success.
Compaq, Inc. is founded to develop and market IBMcompatible PCs.
Lotus Development Corporation is founded. Its
spreadsheet software, Lotus 1-2-3, which combines
spreadsheet, graphics, and database programs in one
package, becomes the best-selling program for IBM
personal computers.
Instead of choosing a person for its annual award,
TIME magazine names the computer Machine of the
Year for 1982, acknowledging the impact of computers
66
on society.

IBM introduces a personal computer, called the

PC AT, that uses the Intel 80286 microprocessor.
Hewlett-Packard announces the first LaserJet printer
for personal computers.
Apple introduces the Macintosh computer, which
incorporates a unique, easy-to-learn, graphical user
interface.

Several personal computers utilizing the powerful

Intel 80386 microprocessor are introduced. These
machines per-form processing that once only large
systems could handle.

67

Microsoft surpasses Lotus Development Corporation

to become the worlds top software vendor
While working at CERN Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee
invents an Internet-based hypermedia enterprise for
information sharing. Berners-Lee will call this
innovation the World Wide Web.
The International Society for Technology in Education
(ISTE) is formed. The mission of ISTE is to help K-12
classroom teachers and administrators share effective
methods for enhancing student learning with new
classroom technologies. Today, ISTE has more than
6,000 members and a network of regional affiliates
with a membership that exceeds 40,000.
68

AskERIC (Educational-Resources Information Center)

starts up as a project of the ERIC Clearinghouse on
Information and Technology at Syracuse University.
Today, the federally funded AskERIC provides an
Extensive and searchable database of documents
and resources; educators can send questions on any
educational topic to AskERIC and receive a response
within 48 hours.
Microsoft releases Windows 3.1, the latest version of
its Windows operating system. Windows 3.1 offers
improvements such as TrueType fonts, multimedia
capability, and object linking and embedding (OLE).
In two months, 3,000,000 copies of Windows 3.1 are
sold.

69

Several companies introduce computer systems using

the Pentium microprocessor from Intel. The Pentium
chip is the successor to the Intel 486 processor. It
contains 3.1 million transistors and is capable of
performing 112,000,000 instructions per second.
The International Society for Technology in Education
(ISTE) introduces the first edition of Technology
Standards for Teachers, containing 13 indicators.
Marc Andreessen creates a graphical Web browser
called Mosaic. This success leads to the organization
of Netscape Communications Corporation.

70

Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen found Netscape and

launch Netscape Navigator 1.0, a browser for the
World Wide Web.
The Clinton Administration creates the
Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure
Assistance Program (TIIAP), which supplies grants
to public institutions to fund the installation of
advanced communications technologies. Over the
next four years, TIIAP awards 378 grants of
approximately $118 million in federal grant funds,
which are matched by more than $180 million in
non-federal funds.

71

Microsoft releases Windows 95, a major upgrade to

its Windows operating system. Windows 95 consists
of more than 10,000,000 lines of computer instructions
developed by 300 person years of effort. More than
50,000 individuals and companies test the software
before it is released.
Sun Microsystems launches Java, an object-oriented
programming language that allows users to write one
application for a variety of computer platforms. Java
becomes one of the hottest Internet technologies.

72

President Clinton launches a two-billion dollar, fiveyear Technology Literacy Challenge a program
designed to catalyze and leverage state, local, and
private sector efforts so American schools can provide
students with the skills they need to succeed in the
next century.
U.S. Robotics introduces PalmPilot, a handheld
personal organizer. The PalmPilots user friendliness
and low price make it a standout next to more
expensive personal digital assistants (PDAs).
An innovative technology called webtv combines
television and the Internet by providing viewers with
tools to navigate the Web.

73

The Summer Olympics in Atlanta makes extensive use

of computer technology, using an IBM network of
7,000 personal computers, 2,000 pagers and wireless
devices, and 90 industrial-strength computers to share
information with more than 150,000 athletes, coaches,
journalists, and Olympics staff members, and millions
of Web Users.
President Clinton signs the Telecommunications Act of
1996 into law. The Acts Universal Service clause
requires that schools and libraries are provided
affordable telecommunication services.

74

Intel introduces the Pentium II processor with 7.5

million transistors. The new processor, which
incorporates MMX technology, processes video,
audio, and graphics data more efficiently and supports
applications such as movie-editing, gaming, and more.
The Federal Communications Commission approves
the Education Rate (E-Rate) discount program to
provide K-12 schools and all public libraries with
discounted telecommunications services. FCC
Chairman Hundt describes the E-Rate program as,
the biggest single national effort to change education
in K-12 classrooms in the history of the country.
Deep Blue, an IBM supercomputer, defeats world
chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game chess
competition. Millions of people follow the 9-day-long
75
rematch on IBMs Web site

DVD (Digital Video Disc), the next generation of

optical disc storage technology, is introduced. DVD
can store computer, audio, and video data in a single
format, with the capability of producing a near-studio
quality. By years end, 500,000 DVD players are
shipped worldwide.
The International Society for Technology in Education
(ISTE) releases the second edition of Technology
Standards for Teachers, containing 18 indicators
organized into three major categories.
Fifty million users are connected to the Internet and
World Wide Web.

76

Microsoft ships Windows 98, an upgrade to Windows

95. Windows 98 offers improved Internet access,
better system performance, and support for a new
generation of hardware and software. In six months,
more than 10,000,000 copies of Windows 98 are sold
worldwide.
E-commerce, or electronic commerce the marketing
of goods and services over the Internet booms.
Companies such as Dell, E*TRADE, and
Amazon.com spur online shopping, allowing buyers to
obtain everything from hardware and software to
financial and travel services, insurance, automobiles,
books, and more.
High school students began taking online courses at
Florida High School Online.
77

More than 10,000,000 people take up telecommuting,

the capability of working at home and communicating
with an office via computer. More and more firms
embrace telecommuting to help increase productivity,
reduce absenteeism, and provide greater job
satisfaction.
Apple Computer introduces the iMac, the latest
version of its popular Macintosh computer. The iMac
abandons such conventional features as a floppy disk
drive but wins customers with its futuristic design,
see-through case, and easy setup. Consumer demand
outstrips Apples production capabilities, and some
vendors are forced to begin waiting lists.

78

Preparing Tomorrows Teachers to Use Technology

(PT3) The U.S. Department of Education initiates a
multi-year, innovative, $125 million grant program to
create technology proficient educators at all levels:
pre-service teachers, in-service teachers, and faculty in
higher education.
Intel, with support from Microsoft, launches the Intel
Teach to the Future program a worldwide initiative
to help teachers effectively integrate the use of
computer technology into classroom curriculum.

79

Intel releases its Pentium III processor, which provides

enhanced multimedia capabilities.
Microsoft introduces Office 2000, its premier
productivity suite, offering new tools for users to
create content and save it directly to a Web site
without any file conversion or special steps.
Governments and businesses frantically work to make
their computer systems Y2K (Year 2000) compliant,
spending more than $500 billion worldwide. Y2K
non-compliant computers cannot distinguish if
01/01/00 refers to 1900 or 2000, and thus may operate
using a wrong date. This Y2K bug can affect any
application that relies on computer chips, such as
ATMs, airplanes, energy companies, and the telephone
system.
80

Shawn Fanning, 19, and his company, Napster, turn

the music industry upside down by developing
software that allows computer users to swap music
files with one another without going through a
centralized file server. The Recording Industry of
America, on behalf of five media companies, sues
Napster for copyright infringement.
Intel unveils its Pentium 4 chip with clock speeds
starting at 1.4 GHz. The Pentium 4 includes 42
million transistors, nearly twice as many contained on
its predecessor, the Pentium III.
E-commerce achieves mainstream acceptance. Annual
e-commerce sales exceed $100 billion, and Internet
advertising expenditures reach more than $5 billion.

81

The International Society for Technology in Education

(ISTE) releases the National Educational Technology
Standards (NETS) for teachers and K-12 students.
The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher
Education adopts the NETS for teachers (NETS-T) for
accrediting teacher education programs.
According to the U.S. Commerce Department, Internet
traffic is doubling every 100 days, resulting in an
annual growth rate of more than 700 percent. It has
taken radio and television 30 years and 15 years to
reach 60 million people, respectively. The Internet has
achieved the same audience base in 3 years.
Dot.com companies (Internet based) go out of
business at a record pace nearly one per day as
financial investors withhold funding due to the
companies unprofitability.
82

Telemedicine uses satellite technology and

videoconferencing to broadcast consultations and to
perform distant surgeries. Robots are used for
complex and precise tasks. Computer-aided surgery
uses virtual reality to assist with training and planning
procedures.
Microsoft releases Microsoft Office 2001 suite for the
Macintosh, which includes Word, Excel, Entourage,
and PowerPoint.
Microsoft introduces Office XP Professional, which
includes voice recognition and speech capabilities.
Microsoft claims that Office XP is the ultimate set of
business tools and that is a complete suite of software
that is powerful enough to meet all personal and
professional computing needs.
83

Wireless technology, especially handheld computers,

achieves significant market penetration. Prices drop,
usage increases, and wireless carries scramble for new
services, particularly for a mobile workforce that can
access the Internet anywhere at any time.
More than 2.5 million computer users subscribe to
America Online and take advantage of AOL Anywhere
features, including Instant Messenger, e-mail, and
customized news and information pages. AOLs
merger with Time Warner combines the strengths of
the Internet, entertainment, and communications
industries.

84

Apple computers releases MacOS X, the latest version

of its popular operating system. Apple claims that
Mac OS X is the most advanced and easiest-to-use
operating system in history.
Microsoft releases Windows XP Professional for
business and advanced home computing and Windows
XP Home edition for home use.

85

The world of wireless communications, wireless

notebook computers, and other wireless devices are
breaking down traditional K-12 communication
barriers worldwide and are opening new and exciting
doors to a wireless world of learning.
Microsoft releases Pocket PC 2002 software that
allows PDAs to interface with PCs and Microsoft
software.
Handspring revolutionizes handheld devices by
offering the first all-in-one device that has a built-in
cell phone, Web-browsing, and e-mail features.

86

The International Society for Technology in Education

(ISTE) announces that by summer of 2003, 48 states
will adopt, adapt, and align with, or reference one set
of its National Educational Technology Standards
(NETS).
The Tablet PC is introduced as the next-generation
mobile PC. It runs Windows XP Tablet PC software
and is designed like a notebook, is fully wireless, and
includes note-taking and other new features.
Microsoft releases the latest version of its flagship
Office suite in numerous versions, including a
Microsoft Office Student and Teacher Edition that
includes Word 2003, Excel 2003, and PowerPoint
2003.

87

The federal Education Rate, or E-Rate program,

invests more than $14 billion, since 1998, to connect
libraries and K-12 classrooms to the Internet. As a
result, virtually all U.S. students now have access to
the Internet from school. FCC Chairman Powell states
that one of the more successful broadband projects
that exists is the E-Rate program.
By the end of 2004, experts predict that more than 1
billion people will send 244 billion e-mail messages
monthly.

88