Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Comparative Anatomy of The Bone
Comparative Anatomy of The Bone
Anatomy
Bone
Chapters 7, 8, & 9
Bone Legacy
Endoskeleton
Internal to skin
Where once exoskeleton
Bone Evidence
exoskeleton
endoskeleton
Endoskeletal Tissues
Visceral Skeleton
Somatic Skeleton
Remaining internal bones developing
from mesoderm proper
Somite and scleratome
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Vertebrae Development
Arise from sclerotome cells of somites
Morphogenesis
Vertebrae Development
Centrum Structure
Acelous- flat anterior and posterior surface
Mammals
Most reptiles
Most salamanders
Heterocelous- saddle-shaped
Vertebrae Evolution
Transition from
crossopterygians to
labyrinthodonts
Different types of vertebrae
came from primitive,
rachitomous labyrinthodont
vertebrae
Vertebrae Grouping
Grouped according to body
region
Amphibians
Figure 9.5:
Single cervical
vertebrae of
anuran.
Figure 9.6:
Regions of
vertebral
column
Reptile Vertebrae
Bird Vertebrae
Synsacrum
Fuses with pelvic
bone
Reduction in bone
mass
Mammal Vertebrae
Ribs
Dogfish- develop dorsal ribs
Most teleost- develop ventral ribs
Tetrapods- have dorsal and
ventral ribs
Agnathans- no ribs
Amphibians- ribs
never reach
sternum
Birds- flat
Figure 9.13: Unicate processes of bird.
processes
extending off ribs
posteriorly
(unicate processes)
Sternum
Tetrapod structure
Amphibians- poorly formed
Reptiles- cartilaginous plates
Rod shaped
Segments: manubrium,
sternebrae, xiphisternum and
xiphoid process
Heterotopic Bone
Develop by endochondral or
intramembranous ossification
In areas subject to continual stress
Ex: os cordis, rostral bone, os penis, os
clitoridis
Os cordis- interventricular
septum in deer heart
Rostral bone- snout of pig
Os penis (baculum)embedded in penis of
lower primates
Os clitoridis- embedded in
clitoris of otters
9.18:
Others include falciform, Figure
Heterotopic bones
(book figure 7.11).
sesamoid, patella,
pisiform
Neurocranium
Neurocranium Ossification
Centers
Occiptial Region
Sphenoid
Region
Ethmoid Region
Otic Region
Occipital Region
Basioccipital, 2 exoccipitals,
suproccipital
Forms single occipital bone in
mammals
Sphenoid Region
Basisphenoid, orbitosphenoid,
presphenoid, laterosphenoid
Fuse to form one sphenoid
bone in mammals
Ethmoid Region
Anterior to sphenoid
Cribriform plate, olfactory foramina,
terminals, mesamoid
Fuse to form ethmoid in mammals
Otic Region
Splanchnocranium
Visceral skeleton
Visceral arches
Branchial region
Visceral-Cranial
Derivatives
Alisphenoid- part of
sphenoid
Malleus, incus- 1st arch
Stapes- 2nd arch
Styloid- 2nd arch
Hyoid- mainly basihyal
Dermatocranium
Dermatocranium (cont.)
Dermatocranial Elements
Nasal
Squamosal
Secondary palate- premaxilla, maxilla,
jugal
Primary palate- vomer, palatine,
pterygoid
Neurocranial Elements
Cribriform
Ethmoid
Otic complex
Temporal bone
Splanchnocranial
Elements
Styloid processes
Body of hyoid
Thyroid
Cricoid
Hammer (malleus_
Anvil (incus)
Stirrup (stapes)
Not homologous to weberian ossicles
in teleost fish
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Appendages
Adaptations for Speed
Pectoral Girdle
Replacement bones
Coracoid, scapula,
suprascapula
Membrane bones
Clavicle, cleithrum,
supracleithrum
Figure 9.35: Pectoral girdle
phylogenetic lines.
Dermal bones are red.
Reduction in number
of bones through
evolution
(a)
Scapula of replacement
bone
Clavicle of membrane bone
(b)
Pelvic Girdle
No dermal elements
Three replacement
bones
Triradiate pelvic
girdle- alligator and
dinosaur
Appendages
Plantigrade
Flat on the ground
Primates
Digitigrade
Elevated
Carnivores
Unguligrade
Reduction in digits
Figure 9.42: Plantigrade, digitigrade, and
Two types
unguligrade feet. Ankle bones are black.
Unguligrade Adaptation
Reduction in digits
Perissodactyls
Odd toed
Mesaxanic foot
Weight on enlarged
middle digit
Ex: horse
Artidodactyls
Even toed
Paraxonic foot
Weight equally
distributed on 3rd and
4th digits
Ex: camel
Locomotion Without
Limbs
Serpentine
Lateral undulation
Wave motion
Minimum 3 contact
points
(a)
Rectilinear
Straight line
(b)
Scutes on belly lift
Costocutaneous
muscles move the skin (c)
Sidewinding
Minimum 2 contact points
Adaptation in sandy
habitats
Concertina
Minimum 2 contact points
Allows snake to move up
gutter
(a)
(b)
End of Lecture