Repeater

FFT

chip

2 inventions that changed the face of communications and

are responsible for advancement of digital communication

Before

advancement of wireless 3 most

popular 2nd generation standards prevailed,
may be due to lack of communication.
wholesale change, upgrade from AMPS.
Need to change wished to maintain
backward compatibility. So developed with
the old one as base.
Few software up gradations, and few changes
in hardware like combining nearby channels.

Before CDMA

Compression

like wap used to reduce size

of website for mobile reading
During browsing forward channel data
rate is high and reverse is very low.
Change of modulation and coding
schemes for high data rate and less error
rate. Varying protection with time.
Technology is upgraded over time and
new services are provided

Need for Universal standard

Code division Multiple Access

chips

are therefore just the bit sequence

out of the code generator
chip rate is larger than the symbol rate,
meaning that one symbol is represented
by multiple chips. The ratio is known as
the spreading factor (SF) or processing
gain

CDMA

Chips

are high frequency random noise

code pulsating from -1 to 1.
Users operate independently.
Near far problem is overwhelming of base
station by stronger mobile signal, which
degrades overall performance by raising
noise floor.
Rapid sampling of radio signal strength
indicator(RSSI).command over forward link

working

Linear

degradation of performance as users

increases
Pseudo random code word orthogonal to
other code words.
Wide band noise remains the same after
spreading, but narrow band noise like
coherence fading remains restricted and
thereby increasing s/n ratio.
CDMA is made compatible, so dual mode
phones.

Channel

data rate reduces if channel is

silent from 9600kbps to 1200kbps in real
time.
Intermediate rates of 2400,4800kbps are
also used based on user requirement.

Qualcomm 9600 kbps code exited linear

predictive code vocoder (QCELP)

No

need of frequency planning.

Different modulation & spreading
techniques for forward and reverse
channels
Reverse link is asynchronous (whenever
user wishes)
Pilot channel (code) is sent with high
power for coherent detection.

Forward link

Reverse link

1/3

convolution code
Comparably lower
tolerance
Normal performance
is sufficient
All signals mostly
prefer direct path

convolution code
Greater tolerance to
interference
Robustness is required
for coherent detection
& in cell interference
at base station
Each signal traverses
a different path

To

reduce interference between mobiles of

different cells using same spreading
sequence, all signals are scrambled using
pseudo noise sequence of length 2^15
chips. Scrambling means preserving
orthogonality.
To control power of mobiles they use
speech frames to transmit commands.
Soft handoff

Synchronous code

Asynchronous code

Orthogonal

PN

code

Perfect
Remaining

signals
look as noise
-1*-1=1 ; 1*1=1

codes

code
Approximately
Remaining signals
look as noise
Look as if random
-1*-1=1 ; 1*1=1

 Radio

receiver designed to counter the effects

of multipath fading.
Sub receivers called fingers each assigned to a
different multipath
Each finger independently decodes a single
multipath component, at a later stage the
contribution of all fingers are combined in order
to make the most use of the
different transmission characteristics of each
transmission path.
This could very well result in higher s/n ratio in a
multipath environment than in a "clean"
environment

Rake receiver

Mobile

Receiver deals with signals from

two different stations in soft handoff in
the same way as it deals with 2 multipath
signals

Rappaport
Project

report by Ajay Kumar Tandi &

Manoj Kumar Beuria, NIT Rourkela

References