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Rainfall Data Anaylsis
Rainfall Data Anaylsis
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
Snow
Snow is precipitation in the form of ice crystals
(snowflakes) or
more often, aggregates if ice crystals. These ice crystals
often combine themselves to form snow flakes. Their sizes
may vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
The size and structure of
the crystals is a function of the temperature at which they
form.
When air temperatures are cold the moisture content is
very
small. This results in the formation of very light fluffy
snow
made up of six sided ice crystals.
When conditions are warmer,
the ice crystals join together into
larger clumps consisting
interlocked aggregates of crystals.
Hail
Hail is precipitation in the form of hard, rounded pellets or
irregular lumps of ice. The layers of ice accumulate as the
hailstone travels up and down in a strong convective cloud.
Hail
Precipitation Measurements
Standard Instruments:
CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL
Duration(hours)
Length of time over which rainfall (storm event) occurs
Rain Frequency
The number of times, during a specified period of years, that
RAIN INTENSITY
Example :
If the 0.75 hour rainfall intensity computed for a
30 km2 catchment area based on polynomial
equation is I = 250 mm/hr, based on Figure
13.1 determine the rainfall depth. Account for the
variability in rainfall.
2
3
ln R I t a b ln t c ln t d ln t
Polynomial equation:
where,
and
I = intensity (mm/hr)
t = duration (minutes)
a, b, c and d = coefficients based on ARI
location
0.9
2 hours
line
30 km2
Since the catchment area A = 30 km2 > 10 km2, then the areal
reduction factor is required.
P=It
I = FA I
Example:
Using the rainfall depth from previous question, obtain the design
hyetograph for 30 minute duration. Assume an area of West Coast
Malaysia.
Based on Table 13.B1, the temporal depth for 30 minute duration is
or
Arithmetic average
Theissen polygon method
Isohyetal method
Example :
Example :
Step 1 :
Construct polygons by
connecting stations with
lines
Step 2 :
Perpendicular bisectors
for each of the sides of
the triangle are drawn.
These bisectors form a
polygon around each
station
Step 3 :
Step 4 :
Step 5 :
Statio
n
Rainfall
,P
P1
A1
A1/A
P2
A2
A2/A
P3
A3
A3/A
P4
A4
A4/A
P5
A5
A5/A
Total
Area Weightag
eW
Step 6 :
Problem Based 1 :
Calculate the
average
precipitation over
the catchment by
the Thiessen
Polygons methods
Isohyetal Method
Example :
1. Draw lines of equal
precipitation.
2. Estimate
precipitation in each
grid area within
basin
3. Total the values in
each grid area
4. Divide areas to
obtain a basin areal
estimate of
precipitation
5. Areal estimate is
1.90 in this case
Isohytes
Average
value of
P
Area
Fraction of
total area
(col. 3 / Total
area, A)
Weighted P
(col. 2 x col.
4)
TOTAL
Problem Based 2 :
Calculate the
average
precipitation over
the catchment by
the Isohyetal
methods
i 1
Nx
Pi
Ni
wherePx=estimationofpptatstationx,Pi=pptatNx=normalppt
atstationXandNiispptattheithsurroundingstation.
Example :
Solution :
As the normal rainfall values vary more than 10%
the normal ratio method is adopted. Using the
equation :
P
PX
1 P1
P
2 ..... n
NX
n N1
N2
Nn
PD
= 99.48 cm
Quadrant Methods
Four quadrants are delineated by north-south and eastwest lines passing through raingauge station where the
missing rainfall is to be estimated.
One raingauge station in each quadrant, which is the
nearest to the raingauge station under question in that
quadrat , is selected.
The weight applicable to each of these four station is
computed as the reciprocal of the square of the distance
between this station and the origin of the quadrants.
Then the rainfalls recorded at the four stations in the four
quadrants are multiplied by their respective weights and
added.
The resulting sum is divided by the sum of the weights to
yield the missing rainfall.
Example :
Solution :
location
The neighborhood of the station
undergoing a marked change.
Example :
Solution :
i.
ii.
iii.
Problem Based 3 :
The annual
precipitation at
station Z and the
average annual
precipitation at 10
neighboring stations
are as follows:
Year
Precipitatio
n at Z (mm)
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
35
37
39
35
30
25
20
24
30
31
35
38
40
28
25
21
10 station
Average
(mm)
28
29
31
27
25
21
17
21
26
31
36
39
44
32
30
23
The End