GREEN BSN:ENABLING ENERGY

PROPORTIONAL CELLULAR BASE

STATION NETWORKS
Presented by
Deepak D.R.
M1 MTV

INTRODUCTION

Total Energy Consumption of global cellular

networks is ~10% of total electricity consumed in
2013

Tends to increase by 15-20 % in coming years.

Energy conservation schemes have vital role

WHAT CONSUMES ENERGY ?

<10 %
User Equipment

>90%
Cellular Infrastructure
~80% by BSes

Key to energy conservation is Base

Station

OUTLINE

Overview
Root cause
Existing solutions
Solution Road Map
Characterizing traffic dynamics
Exploiting dynamics in design
Working with 3G standards
Evaluation
Conclusion

ROOT CAUSE FOR ENERGY

INEFFICIENCY
Pmisc

Ptx
2000

Power (w)

Ptx

l500
l000
500

Pmisc

PBS Ptx Pmisc

load

EXISTING SOLUTIONS

SOLUTION ROAD MAP

A traffic-driven approach that exploits
traffic dynamics to turn off under-utilized
BSes for system-wide energy efficiency

Characterizing traffic dynamics

Exploiting dynamics in design
Working with 3G standards
Evaluation

 Addressing

the problem based on real

traces.

Area(km)
#BS
BS density

Region 1

Region 2

Region
3

Region 4

11x11

8x4

16x28

30x45

177

45

154

164

normal/
sparse

sparse

dense

Dense/sparse

TEMPORAL TRAFFIC
DYNAMICS

High traffic dynamics over time

Peak-to-idle traffic is > 4 at 70-90% Bses

Multiplexing gain ~ 2 at peak hours

Base Station under

utilized

NEAR-TERM TRAFFIC
STABILITY

Temporal pattern is near-term stable

Traffic at each BS is quite stable on a daily basis
Day-to-day variation (|Curr Prev|/Prev) is <0.2 at
70% BSes

Traffic is predictable.
Develop Traffic profiles

DIVERSE BS DEPLOYMENT
DENSITY

Deployment varies at locations

Base
stations
densely
deployed

Exploits topological
redundancy

SPATIAL CAPACITY DIVERSITY

Capacity larger
than average

Fewer Bses with larger capacity

advised (Heterogeneous BS capacity)

DESIGN APPROACH

Satisfy three requirements:

Traffic Capacity
Communication coverage
Minimal on/off switching of each BS

Grid based
Location dependent profiling

GRID BASED CLUSTERING

Divide into BS virtual grids

BSes within a grid cover each other

ri + d(i,j) < Ri
rj + d(i,j) < Rj

LOCATION-DEPENDENT
TRAFFIC PROFILING

Estimate traffic envelope via profiling

Leverage near-term stability
Sum

24 intervals

Stat
Estimate S, D, EV
(i,k) (1 )S
(i,k 1) S(i,k)
S
(i,k) (1 )D
(i,k 1) | S(i,k) S
(i,k) |
D
Output

(i,k) D
(i,k)
EV (i,k) S
ith hour of kth day

SELECTION OF ACTIVE BSes

For peak hour

Find the traffic envelop(Emax) for peak hour(s).
Rank all Bses in grid in decreasing order of their
capacity
C(BS1)>= C(BS2)>= C(BSn)
m

C ( BS
k 1

) Emax

select smallest no: m

Set of active Bses for peak hour

S max {BS1 , BS 2 ,....BS m }

For idle hour

Find the traffic envelop (Emin) for idle hour
Select active Bses (Smin) from superset Smax

Smooth transition b/w idle and peak

hours

At most ONE
switch
BShours
per 24
1)on/off
Find Smax
forper
peak
hours
Smax : {1,2,6, 7, 8,10 }

) Find St when traffic

Smin St1 St Smax

St : {1,2,6, 8,10}
St : {1,2, 8,10}

Smin : {1,6,10 }
2)
Find Smin for idle hours (Smin Smax)

WORKING WITH 3G
STANDARD

Adjusting the BS coverage via cell breathing

2

2 OFF
3

User migration by leveraging handoff

process
2 OFF

Information sharing via RNC

Emergency BS power-on.

EVALUATION
Region 1

Region 2

Region 3

Region 4

Eold (Mwh)

9.81

2.63

8.58

9.18

Eour (Mwh)

4.64

1.4

5.94

7.03

E Gain (%)

52.7%

46.6%

30.8%

23.4%

missRatio

6.7e-4

7.9e-4

8.2e-4

1.9e-5

#BS(weekd
ay)

34-97

8-32

79-122

104-142

Day time

Midnight

sparse

Region 1

40.7%

73.7%

28.1%

61.6%

Region 2

31.2%

71.6%

27.7%

55.3%

Region 3

20.9%

45.6%

8.8%

51.3%

Region 4

15.6%

34.7%

7.9%

30.8%

dense

CONCLUSION

The current cellular network is not energy

efficient

It is feasible to build a practical solution to

green cellular infrastructure

Build an approximate EP system using

non-EP components

THANK YOU