CONTROL SYSTEM

GOAL:
Maintaining process variables
(temperatures, pressures, flows,
compositions, levels) at a desired
operating value.
Processes are dynamic in nature,
and changes are always occurring.
The important variables those
related to safety, product quality,
and production rates will not
achieve design conditions.

1.1 PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

Manual process control

Automatic process control

Introduction to Control Systems

Automatic Control has become an important and

integral part of modern manufacturing and industrial
process
Automatic control is essential in such industrial
operations as controlling pressure temperature,
humidity, viscosity and flow in process industries

Process The device, plant, or

system under control. The input and
output relationship represents the
cause-and-effect relationship of the
process.

Process The device, plant, or system

under control. The input and output
relationship represents the cause-andeffect relationship of the process.
Open-Loop Control Systems
utilize a controller or control
actuator to obtain the desired
response.
Output
Input
Controller
Controller
Process

 Feed Back Manual Process Control:

Closed-Loop Control Systems

utilizes feedback to compare the actual
output to the desired output response
Input
Controller

Process

Feed back

Output

Advantages & Disadvantages of Control System

Advantages

Open Loop Control System

Simple & Economical
Easier to construct
Generally stable

Closed Loop Control System

Accurate
Sensitivity is small to make system
stable
less affected by noise.

Disadvantages
Open Loop Control System
Inaccurate and unreliable
Changes in the output due to
external disturbance are not
corrected automatically

Closed Loop Control System

For stable system design is
Complex and costlier
The feed back in the closed loop
system may lead to oscillatory
response.
Feedback reduces the overall gain
of the system

 The block diagrams of feedback control system

Disturbance 1

SP
Controller
Summing
junction

Final control
element

Process
or plant

Disturbance 2

Output
Or
Controlled
variable

Sensor/
Transmitter

Fig 1-4 Block diagrams of closed-loop Automatic control systems

1.4 CONTROL STRATEGIES

The characteristics of feedback control
The advantage of feedback control
Compensate for all
disturbances
The result of any disturbance entering the
process is to make the controlled variable
deviate from the SET POINT. Once the
controlled variable deviates from the set point,
the controller changes its output to return the
controlled
variable
to loop
SET POINT(its
desired
The
feedback
control
does not know,
nor
value).
does
it care, which disturbance enters the
process. It only tries to maintain the controlled
variable at set point, and in this way
compensates for all disturbances. The feedback
controller works with minimum knowledge of
the process. Actually, the only information it
needs is in which direction to move, and how

Why Negative Feedback

the negative feedback has more advantages.they
are
1.it has more stability.
2.it increases the bandwidth.
3.it reduces the noise.
but only the disadvantage of negative feed back
over positive feed back is it decreases the gain.

TRANSFER FUNCTION
Transfer Function(also known as
thesystem functionornetwork
function) is a mathematical
representation, in terms of spatial or
temporal frequency, of the relation
between the input and output of a
linear time-invariantsystem

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF CLOSED

LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

W(s) = K E(s)
Y(s) = G(s) W(s)
E(s) = U(s) Y(s)
W(s) = K( U(s) Y(s))
Y(s) = G(s) K (U(s) Y(s))
Transfer Function

Y(s)/U(s) = K G(s)
1 + KG(s)

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF CLOSED

LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM