PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College

Special Senses

PART A

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The Senses
Special senses
Smell
Taste
Sight
Hearing
Equilibrium

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Structure of the Eye

Figure 8.4a
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Structure of the Eye: The Fibrous Layer

Sclera
White connective tissue layer
Seen anteriorly as the white of the eye
Cornea
Transparent, central anterior portion
Allows for light to pass through
Repairs itself easily
The only human tissue that can be
transplanted without fear of rejection

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Structure of the Eye: Vascular Layer

Choroid is a blood-rich nutritive layer in the
posterior of the eye
Pigment prevents light from scattering
Modified anteriorly into two structures
Ciliary bodysmooth muscle attached to lens
Irisregulates amount of light entering eye
Pigmented layer that gives eye color
Pupilrounded opening in the iris

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Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer

Retina contains two layers
Outer pigmented layer
Inner neural layer
Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
Rods
Cones

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Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer

Signals leave the retina toward the brain through
the optic nerve
Optic disc (blind spot) is where the optic nerve
leaves the eyeball
Cannot see images focused on the optic disc

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer

Figure 8.5a
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer

Neurons of the retina and vision
Rods
Most are found towards the edges of the
retina
Allow dim light vision and peripheral
vision
All perception is in gray tones

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer

Neurons of the retina and vision
Cones
Allow for detailed color vision
Densest in the center of the retina
Fovea centralisarea of the retina with
only cones
No photoreceptor cells are at the optic disc, or
blind spot

PLAY The Eye: The Retina

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer

Cone sensitivity
Three types of cones
Different cones are sensitive to different
wavelengths
Color blindness is the result of the lack of one
cone type

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Sensitivities of Cones to Different Wavelengths

Figure 8.6
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Lens
Biconvex crystal-like structure
Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached
to the ciliary body

PLAY The Eye: Lens and Retina

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Lens

Figure 8.4a
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lens
Cataracts result when the lens becomes hard and
opaque with age
Vision becomes hazy and distorted
Eventually causes blindness in affected eye

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lens

Figure 8.7
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Two Segments, or Chambers, of the Eye

Anterior (aqueous) segment
Anterior to the lens
Contains aqueous humor
Posterior (vitreous) segment
Posterior to the lens
Contains vitreous humor

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anterior Segment
Aqueous humor
Watery fluid found between lens and cornea
Similar to blood plasma
Helps maintain intraocular pressure
Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
Reabsorbed into venous blood through the
scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm

PLAY The Eye: Interior Parts of the Eye

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Posterior Segment
Vitreous humor
Gel-like substance posterior to the lens
Prevents the eye from collapsing
Helps maintain intraocular pressure

PLAY The Eye: Posterior Cavity

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Pathway of Light Through the Eye

Light must be focused to a point on the retina for
optimal vision
The eye is set for distance vision
(over 20 feet away)
Accommodationthe lens must change shape to
focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away)

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathway of Light Through the Eye

Figure 8.9
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Pathway of Light Through the Eye

Image formed on the retina is a real image
Real images are
Reversed from left to right
Upside down
Smaller than the object

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Images Formed on the Retina

Figure 8.10
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A Closer Look
Emmetropiaeye focuses images correctly on
the retina
Myopia (nearsighted)
Distant objects appear blurry
Light from those objects fails to reach the
retina and are focused in front of it
Results from an eyeball that is too long

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

A Closer Look
Hyperopia (farsighted)
Near objects are blurry while distant objects
are clear
Distant objects are focused behind the retina
Results from an eyeball that is too short or
from a lazy lens

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A Closer Look
Astigmatism
Images are blurry
Results from light focusing as lines, not
points, on the retina due to unequal
curvatures of the cornea or lens

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Imbalances of the Eyes

Night blindnessinhibited rod function that
hinders the ability to see at night
Color blindnessgenetic conditions that result in
the inability to see certain colors
Due to the lack of one type of cone (partial
color blindness)
Cataractswhen lens becomes hard and opaque,
our vision becomes hazy and distorted

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Imbalances of the Eyes

Glaucomacan cause blindness due to
increasing pressure within the eye
Hemianopialoss of the same side of the visual
field of both eyes; results from damage to the
visual cortex on one side only

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The Ear
Houses two senses
Hearing
Equilibrium (balance)
Receptors are mechanoreceptors
Different organs house receptors for each sense

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Anatomy of the Ear

The ear is divided into three areas
External (outer) ear
Middle ear (tympanic cavity)
Inner ear (bony labyrinth)

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Anatomy of the Ear

Figure 8.12
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The External Ear

Involved in hearing only
Structures of the external ear
Auricle (pinna)
External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
Narrow chamber in the temporal bone
Lined with skin and ceruminous (wax)
glands
Ends at the tympanic membrane

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)

Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone
Only involved in the sense of hearing

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The Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)

Two tubes are associated with the inner ear
The opening from the auditory canal is
covered by the tympanic membrane
The auditory tube connecting the middle ear
with the throat
Allows for equalizing pressure during
yawning or swallowing
This tube is otherwise collapsed

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones of the Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)

Three bones (ossicles) span the cavity
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrip)
Function
Vibrations from eardrum move the malleus
anvil stirrup inner ear

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Anatomy of the Ear

Figure 8.12
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Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth

Includes sense organs for hearing and balance
A maze of bony chambers within the temporal
bone
Cochlea
Vestibule (static equilibrium position of
head)
Semicircular canals (dynamic equilibrium
movement of head)

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Organs of Equilibrium

Figure 8.14ab
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Mechanism of Hearing

Figure 8.16a
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OlfactionThe Sense of Smell

Olfactory receptors are in the roof of the nasal
cavity
Neurons with long cilia
Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for
detection
Impulses are transmitted via the olfactory nerve
Interpretation of smells is made in the cortex

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The Sense of Taste

Taste buds house the receptor organs
Location of taste buds
Most are on the tongue
Soft palate
Cheeks

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Taste Buds

Figure 8.18
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Taste Sensations
Sweet receptors

(sugars)

Saccharine
Some amino acids
Sour receptors
Acids
Bitter receptors
Alkaloids
Salty receptors
Metal ions

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell

Both senses use chemoreceptors
Stimulated by chemicals in solution
Taste has four types of receptors
Smell can differentiate a large range of
chemicals
Both senses complement each other and respond
to many of the same stimuli

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Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses

Formed early in embryonic development
Eyes are outgrowths of the brain
All special senses are functional at birth

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings