CH02 Wireless Transmission

Mobile Communications
Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission

Types of electromagnetic carriers
Advantages and disadvantages of wireless communication
Basics of Radio Communication
The Wireless Landscape
Mobile Communications: Wireless

communications
Objectives
Explain how the major wireless technologies

are used today
Describe various applications of wireless
communications technology
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of
wireless communications technology
List several different wireless technologies
communications
What is Wireless Communication ?
Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic

waves in open space (atmosphere)
Electromagnetic waves
Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
Has a frequency (f) and wavelength ()
c = f x
Higher frequency means higher energy photons

The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is the
radiation

communications
Types of wireless communication
celullar

communications
wireless computer network
radio service
Electromagnetic radiation spectrum

communications
Wavelength of Some Technologies
GSM Phones:
PCS Phones
frequency ~= 900 Mhz

wavelength ~= 33cm
frequency ~= 1.8 Ghz
wavelength ~= 17.5 cm
Bluetooth:
frequency ~= 2.4Gz
wavelength ~= 12.5cm

communications
Types of electromagnetic carriers
when the distance between the sender and receiver

is short (e.g. TV box and a remote control) infrared
waves are used
for long range distances between sender and
receiver (e.g. TV broadcasting and cellular service)
both microwaves and radio waves are used
radio
waves are ideal when large areas need to be coverd

and obstacles exist in the transmission path
microwaves are good when large areas need to be coverd
and no obstacles exist in the transmission path

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Wireless applications (services)

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Advantages and disadvantages of wireless communication
advantages:
mobility
a
wireless communication network is a solution in areas

where cables are impossible to install (e.g. hazardous areas,
long distances etc.)
easier to maintain
disadvantages:
has
security vulnerabilities
high costs for setting the infrastructure
unlike wired comm., wireless comm. is influenced by
physical obstructions, climatic conditions, interference
from other wireless devices
communications
Frequency Carries/Channels
The
information from sender to receiver is

carrier over a well defined frequency band.
This is called a channel
Each channel has a fixed frequency
bandwidth (in KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
Different frequency bands (channels) can be
used to transmit information in parallel and
independently.

communications
Example
Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for
communication between stations A and B
Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
There are 3 channels
Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
For full duplex communication:
Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
Use time division in a channel
Channel 1 (b - b+30)
Station A
Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60)

Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

communications
Station B
Basics of Radio Communication

Radio waves generation
when a high-frequency alternating current (AC) passes through a copper

conductor it generates radio waves which are propagated into the air using
an antena
radio waves have frequencies between:

3 Hz 300 KHz - low frequency
300 KHz 30 MHz high frequency
30 MHz 300 MHz very high frequency
300 MHz 300 GHz ultra high frequency

communications
Radio propagation
radio waves are generated by an antenna and they

propagate in all directions as a straight line
radio waves travel at a velocity of 186.000 miles per
second
radio waves become weaker as they travel a long
distance

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there are 3 modes of propagation:
surface mode for low frequency waves

direct mode for high frequency waves
ionospheric mode long distance high frequency waves

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Modulation
modulation = adding information (e.g. voice) to a carrier

electromagnetic (radio) signal
Frequency Modulation (FM).

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

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Radio frequency interference
Radio signal attenuation (path loss)

communications
How Wireless Technology is Used
Wireless
Wireless communications
Describes devices and technologies that are not

connected by a wire
Transmission of user data without the use of wires
Wireless data communications technologies include:
Bluetooth
Wireless LAN and WAN
Satellite
Cellular

communications
A Wireless World
Wireless devices
Wireless network interface card (Wireless NIC)
Distance: 300 feet (90 meters)

Bandwidth: 54 Mbps
Can also include Voice over IP (VoIP)
Sends and receives data over radio waves
Smartphone
Combination mobile phone and personal digital

assistant (PDA)

communications
A Wireless World

communications
Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band
Radio frequency identification device (RFID) tags
Small chips containing radio transponders
Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
Can be used to track inventory
Wireless standards designed for very short

ranges
Communicate using small, low-power
transceivers
Link manager
Special software that helps identify other

Bluetooth devices

communications
Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band (continued)
Bluetooth
Ultra Wide Band
Distance: up to 33 feet (10 meters)

Bandwidth: 1 Mbps
Distance: 150 feet (50 meters)
Bandwidth: 100 Mbps to 2 Gbps
Piconet
Wireless personal area network (WPAN)

Consists of two or more Bluetooth devices
that are exchanging data with each other

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Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band

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Wireless Local Area Networks
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Extension
of a wired LAN
Connecting to it through a device called a wireless access point
Access point (AP)
Relays
data signals between all of the devices

in the network
Each computer on the WLAN has a wireless network interface card

(NIC)
With
an antenna built into it

communications
IEEE 802.11
The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was
released in 1997 and clarified in 1999, but is today
obsolete. It specified two net bit rates of 1 or 2 megabits
per second (Mbit/s), plus forward error correction code.
It specified three alternative physical layer technologies:
diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit/s; frequency-hopping
spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s; and
direct-sequence spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or
2 Mbit/s. The latter two radio technologies used
microwave transmission over the Industrial Scientific
Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz.
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802.11a
Some earlier WLAN technologies used lower frequencies, such as
the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band.
Legacy 802.11 with direct-sequence spread spectrum was rapidly
supplanted and popularized by 802.11b.
802.11a
The 802.11a standard uses the same data link layer protocol and
frame format as the original standard, but an OFDM based air
interface (physical layer). It operates in the 5 GHz band with a
maximum net data rate of 54 Mbit/s, plus error correction code,
which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20
Mbit/s.
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Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being
crowded, using the relatively unused 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a
significant advantage. However, this high carrier frequency also
brings a disadvantage: the effective overall range of 802.11a is less
than that of 802.11b/g. In theory, 802.11a signals are absorbed
more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to
their smaller wavelength and, as a result, cannot penetrate as far as
those of 802.11b. In practice, 802.11b typically has a higher range
at low speeds (802.11b will reduce speed to 5 Mbit/s or even 1
Mbit/s at low signal strengths). 802.11a also suffers from
interference,[11] but locally there may be fewer signals to interfere
with, resulting in less interference and better throughput.
.
communications
802.11b
`802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the
same media access method defined in the original standard.
802.11b products appeared on the market in early 2000, since
802.11b is a direct extension of the modulation technique defined
in the original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of
802.11b (compared to the original standard) along with
simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid
acceptance of 802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.
802.11b devices suffer interference from other products operating
in the 2.4 GHz band. Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range
include microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors,
cordless telephones and some amateur radio equipment

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Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standards
802.11a,
802.11b, and 802.11g

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communications

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Major WLAN Components
Distribution System (DS).

A wired/wireless medium which connect the Access Points to one another.
The backbone network used to relay frames between access points
Access Points (AP).

APs form a bridge between wired and wireless medium.
Coordinate the connection of wireless stations to the DS
Wireless Medium.
The Radio Frequency spectrum used to transfer frames between the
wireless station and the AP or between wireless stations.
Wireless Stations.
Computing devices with wireless network interfaces.
Typically battery operated laptops or handheld computers.

communications
WLAN Types
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS).
No Access Point
An ad-hoc group of wireless nodes.
Peer-to-peer transmission
One node is elected to act as a proxy to perform the
functions of the AP.

communications
WLAN Types
Basic Service Set (BSS).
A single Access Point

The AP acts as a bridge between clients and the wireline.
Roaming is limited to the single radio cell
All clients operate on the same channel.
A BSS connected to a wired network is called an Infrastructure BSS.
The clients must request to join and be accepted to associate with the
AP before they can send data.
A BSS is identified by a 48 bit hex value called the BSS identifier
BSSID. This is the MAC address of the AP
Netwo
rk
Access Point

communications
WLAN Types
Extended Service Set (ESS).
Multiple Access Points that communicate through the DS.
The APs share the same Service Set Identifier (SSID) an Extended SSID or
ESSID.
The AP acts as a bridge between clients and the wireline.
Each AP forms a radio cell that overlap. Each AP is assigned a different
channel
All clients operate on the same channel in the same cell but can communicate
through the DS.
The APs interconnected through the Wireline constitute a Distributed System.
Access Point

communications
Wireline Network
Access Point
WLAN Types
Extended Service Set (ESS) Contd.
The SSID is used to control APs with which the stations can associate.
Clients may also associate with an AP using a special "null" SSID value which
indicates they would like to associate with any AP within range regardless of
the assigned APs SSID.
AP can be configured to reject this "null" value.
The BSSID identifies a single BS.
The ESSID denotes a group of APs sharing a common SSID within which a
client can roam.

Access Point

communications
Wireline Network
Access Point
802.11 Network Services

Station Services
Authentication - The client identifies itself to the AP
in order to form an Association. This can be done by:

Service Set Identifier (SSID)
MAC Filtering.
De-authentication - Destroys a previously known
station identity- terminates the current Association.

The device shuts down.
Out of AP range

communications
802.11 Architecture
Distribution Services.
Association - establish a logical connection between the client
and the AP, i.e., A station registers with an AP.
Determines the location of the client for the DS.

Determines the path to reach the DS needs to reach the client.
A client can be authenticated to multiple APs but Associated
with only one AP.
Reassociation - Retains network session information when the
wireless client passes from one AP to another AP.
This information tells the new AP the identify of the last AP.
This allows the old AP to forward any remaining frames to the
new AP for delivery via the DS.

communications
802.11 Architecture
Distribution Services
Disassociation - Tear down the association between the AP
and the wireless device.
The device leaves the AP area.
The AP is shutting down.
Distribution
- Determines the location to which the frame

should be forwarded by the AP - An AP uses the DS to deliver
frames.
Another AP.
A Wireless client.
The Wired Network.
Integration - Provides a MAC framing service to the AP.

Translates the 802.11 format to the Wired LAN format.
Translates the Wired LAN format to the 802.11 format.

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802.11 - Other Operations

Fragmentation.
Spatial Density results in interference which requires data retransmission.
802.11 can be configured to send smaller packets.
Power Management.
Mobile clients can enter the sleep mode to conserve power but still remain
connected.
A 20 byte Power Save Poll (PS-Poll) is sent to the AP.
The AP buffers all packets destined for he device until it comes back on line.
Multicell Roaming.
Roaming is based upon determining the S/N ratio.
AP sends out beacon messages containing link measurement data
The client listens and determines which AP has the stronger signal
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Locating a WLAN
The wireless client locates the Access Point by scanning the

airways for its RF signal.
It locates the AP by identifying its Service Set Identifier (SSID)
through:
Passive Scanning
Active Scanning
Beacons

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Service Set Identifier (SSID)
The SSID is used by WLAN as a network name.

Unique
Case sensitive
Alphanumeric value
2-32 characters
The SSID is used for

Segmenting networks
Rudimentary security measure
Joining a network.
The SSID is used in:

Beacons
Probe Requests
Probe Responses, etc.

communications
Passive Scanning
Passive Scanning is the process of listening for Beacons on each

channel for a specific period after the station has initialized. The beacons
are sent by:
Access Points in the Independent Basic Service Set (BSS) or Extended Basic Service
Set (EBSS) mode.
Client stations in the Ad Hoc mode.
If there are multiple APs in the area then the client attempts to join the
strongest signal strength and lowest bit rate.
Passive Scanning continues after association to allow the Client to create
a list of available access points should the current connection be broken.

communications
Active Scanning
Active Scanning is the process of sending a Probe Request frame

from a wireless client.
The station is actively seeking a network to join.
The probe contains either the network Service Set Identifier (SSID) or
a broadcast SSID.
Only Access Points servicing that SSID will respond with a Probe
Response frame.
This frame is identical to the Beacon frame with the exception that
it does not contain a Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
All APs respond to the Broadcast SSID.
The wireless station then initiates the Authentication and
Association steps.

communications
Probe Request
2
2
Frame Durati
on
Control
ID
6
DA
2
0-2,312
Sequenc
Frame Body
SA BSSID
e
Control
Var
Var
SSID
4
FCS
Supporte
d Rates
Probe Requests are used by stations to scan an area for 802.11
networks.
The station sends our Probe Requests sequentially on all channels with its SSID
and listens for Probe Responses

All Access Points must respond with a Probe Response.
Some APs are configured to ONLY send a Probe Request to a matching SSID.
The Probe Response contains:

Service Set Identity (SSID) - The identity of the service set.
Supported Rates - Data rates supported by the 802.11 network.
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Probe Request
Indicates a Probe
Request is contained
within the MAC header

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Probe Request

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Probe Response
2
2
6
6
6
2
0-2,312
4
Sequenc
Frame Durati DA
Frame Body FCS
SA BSSID
on
e
Control
ID
Control
8
2
2
Var
7
2
8
4
Beacon Capabilit
SSI
Timestamp Interval
y Info
FH
Param
Set
DS
Param
Set
IBSS
CF
Param
Set
Param
Set
The Probe Response is sent by the AP in response to the Probe Request.

The Probe Response format is the same as the Beacon with the
exception that it does not include the TIM Element.
The station is not yet associated with the AP therefore it does not need
to now the TIM parameter.

communications
Probe Response Contd

2
2
6
6
6
2
0-2,312
4
Sequenc
Frame Durati DA
Frame Body FCS
SA BSSID
on
e
Control
ID
Control
8
2
2
Var
7
2
8
4
Beacon Capabilit
SSI
Timestamp Interval
y Info
FH
Param
Set
DS
Param
Set
IBSS
CF
Param
Set
Param
Set
Timestamp - Synchronization between stations.

Beacon Interval - Announce existence of 802.11 network.
Capability Info - Advertisement of network's capabilities.
FH Parameter Set - Specifies such things a Dwell time, Hop Set and Hop Pattern.
DS Parameter Set - Specifies the DSSS channel number.
CF Parameter Set Specifies the parameters relating to the duration of the Contention
Free period. It is only sent by APs supporting the Point Coordination Function (PCF). Very
few APs support this function.
IBSS Parameter Set - Specifies the number of Time Units between Announcement
Traffic Indication Map (ATIM) windows

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Indicates a Probe
Response

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BEACON
The Beacon Management frame serves the

following major purposes.
Time Synchronization.
The
Beacon time stamp synchronize the client to the transmitter.

This ensures all time sensitive functions, (FHSS, etc) are properly
timed.
FH/DS (FHSS/DSSS) Parameter Sets.
FHSS hop sequence, hop time and dwell time.

DSSS channel information
SSID Information
The beacon contains the SSID the client wishes to join and sends
an authentication request to the MAC address contained in the
Beacon.
Conversely, the client can be set to join ANY network that:
(1) sends a beacon or

(2) the strongest signal if there are multiple APs.
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BEACON
Beacon frame is one of the management frames in IEEE 802.11 based WLANs. It
contains all the information about the network. Beacon frames are transmitted
periodically to announce the presence of a Wireless LAN network. Beacon frames
are transmitted by the Access Point (AP) in an infrastructure BSS. In IBSS
network beacon generation is distributed among the stations.
Traffic Indication Map (TIM)

The TIM indicates which sleeping stations have traffic
queued by the Access point.
The time synchronized stations power up, listen to the
Beacon, and check the TIM to see if they have traffic queued.
Supported Rates
Informs the clients the speed capability of the
Access Point

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Beacon Frame
2
2
Frame Durati
on
Control
ID
8
DA
2
0-2,312
Sequenc
Frame Body
SA BSSID
e
Control
Var
Beacon Capabilit
SSI
Timestamp Interval
y Info
FH
Param
Set
DS
CF
Param
Set
4
IBSS
Param
Set
Param
Set
4
FCS
Var
TIM
Timestamp - Synchronization between stations.

Beacon Interval - Announce existence of 802.11 network.
Capability Info - Advertisement of network's capabilities.
FH Parameter Set - Specifies such things a Dwell time, Hop Set and Hop
Pattern.
DS Parameter Set - Specifies the DS channel number.

communications
Beacon Frame
2
2
Frame Durati
on
Control
ID
8
DA
2
0-2,312
Sequenc
Frame Body
SA BSSID
e
Control
Var
Beacon Capabilit
SSI
Timestamp Interval
y Info
Mandatory
FH
DS
Param
Set
Param
Set
CF
4
IBSS
Param Param
Set
Set
Optional
4
FCS
Var
TIM
CF Parameter Set Specifies parameters relating to the duration of the
Contention Free period. It is only sent by APs supporting the Point

Coordination Function (PCF).
Very few APs support this function.
IBSS Parameter Set - Specifies the number of Time Units between
Announcement Traffic Indication Map (ATIM) windows

Traffic Indication Map (TIM) - Traffic Indication map to indicate
which stations have buffered traffic.

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Beacon Frame
This is the MAC
Header
Indicates the Beacon is
contained within the
MAC header
The Basic Service Set

identifier (BSSID) is a 6 byte
hex number identifying the
Access Point.
It is not the same as the SSID

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Beacon Frame
This is the
Beacon frame

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Beacon Frame
This is the SSID
Supported Rates
DSS Element
TIM Element

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802.11
Authentication and Association
- Joining a Wireless LAN-

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Authentication & Association
There are two separate sub-processes for connecting a client to a

WLAN. These are:
Authentication:
The process by which a node's

identity is verified. Authentication must occur
before Association
Association: A state in which a node is allowed
to pass traffic through an access point
There are three distinct states.
Unauthenticated and Unassociated

Authenticated and Unassociated.
Authenticated and Associated.

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States of Authentication & Association
Unauthenticated and Unassociated

The initial state.
The client is not connected to the WLAN and is unable to
pass data.
Authenticated and Unassociated.
The Client has passed the Authentication state but is not
yet associated with an Access Point.
The Client cannot send or receive packets.
Authenticated and Associated.
The client is completely connected and is able to send and
receive packets.
A client can be authenticated with multiple Access Points
but only associated with one .
Pre-authentication makes for faster roaming

communications
Fixed Broadband Wireless
Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)
Transmit
T1 lines
Transmit
at 256 Kbps over regular phone lines

at 1.544 Mbps
Cable modems and digital subscriber lines (DSL)
Generally
only available in residential areas

Maximum transmission speed is only about 8
Mbps

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Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)
Covers
a distance of up to 35 miles
Based on the IEEE 802.16 Fixed Broadband
Wireless standard
Uses small custom antennas on the roof of
each building
Transmission speeds
75 Mbps at distances of up to 4 miles (6.4 km)
17 to 50 Mbps at distances over 6 miles (10 km)

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communications
Wireless Wide Area Network
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Microbrowser
Standard language for displaying content from

the Internet
Miniaturized version of a Web browser
Wireless Application Protocol version 2.0 (WAP2)
Provides a standard way to transmit, format,

and display Internet data
For small wireless devices such as cell phones

communications

communications
Programming languages
BREW
(Binary Run-Time Environment for

Wireless)
J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition)
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
Enables
employees to access corporate data

and applications from virtually anywhere

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communications

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Digital Convergence
Digital convergence
Refers
to the power of digital devices to

combine voice, video, and text processing
capabilities
As well as to be connected to business and home networks and to the

Internet

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Wireless Applications
Main areas
Education
Home entertainment
Health Care
Government and Military
Office environments
Event management
Travel
Construction and warehouse management
Environmental research
Industrial control

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Education
Ideal application for colleges and schools

It frees students from having to go to a specific computer lab or the
library
To get on the schools computer network
Wireless technology translates into a cost savings for colleges as

well

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Home Entertainment
Wireless communication
Enables
movie and audio enthusiasts to

download, distribute, and control all forms of
digital entertainment from anywhere in the
house

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Health Care
Administering medication in a hospital setting
A major
problem area for the health care
industry
Wireless point-of-care computer systems
Allow
medical staff to access and update

patient records immediately
Even telephones are now being connected to hospital IEEE 802.11

WLANs
Employing
VoIP technology

communications
Government
Wireless communication
Lets
city employees and contractors at remote

sites access data stored in a central database
Delivers broadband connectivity to schools,
libraries, and government buildings
Provides free Internet access to residents and
attracts visitors and businesspeople

communications
Military
Universal Handset
A 1.5-pound
device
Allows military personnel in the field to
communicate through a variety of methods
Using wireless technologies
Military
is currently working on preventing

enemies from eavesdropping on or jamming the
signal

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Office Environments
Employees in all lines of work no longer have to be away from the

data they need
To help
them make decisions
Wireless technologies allow businesses to create an office
Where
the traditional infrastructure doesnt

already exist

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Event Management
Wireless networks
Help
identify a stolen or counterfeit ticket

Can also give a real-time look at traffic flow
In-progress game statistics are available to
any fan in the stadium with a wireless device

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Travel
Wireless global positioning systems (GPS)
Tie
into emergency roadside assistance

services
Satellite radio
Transmits
over 150 music and talk stations
Airport terminals are likewise turning to wireless technologies

Airplanes themselves are being equipped with wireless data access

communications
Construction
Wireless communications
Send
information from the job site to the main
office
Alert when maintenance operations need to be
performed on equipment

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Warehouse Management
Implementing wireless technology is key for many warehouse

operations
Warehouse management system (WMS) software
Used to manage all of the activities from

receiving through shipping
In the near future
Most of the bar code functions, including

inventory counting, will be replaced by RFID
tags

communications
Environmental Research
Scientists are now using small, battery- or solar-cell-powered WLAN

sensors
In
places that were previously difficult to

access and monitor

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Industrial Control
Motes
Remote
sensors
Can connect to a WLAN
Then collect data and transmit it to a central location

communications
Wireless Advantages and Disadvantages

As with any new technology, wireless communications offers both
advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of Wireless Networking
Mobility
Freedom to move about without being tethered by wires

Permits many industries to shift toward an increasingly
mobile workforce
Gives team-based workers the ability to access the
network resources
Easier and less expensive installation
Installing network cabling in older buildings can be a

difficult, slow, and costly task
Makes it easier for any office to be modified with new
cubicles or furniture

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Advantages of Wireless Networking (continued)
Increased reliability
Network
cable failures may be the most

common source of network problems
Disaster recovery
In
the event of a disaster, managers can quickly

relocate the office

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Disadvantages of Wireless Networking

Radio signal interference
The potential for two types of signal interference exists
Security
It is possible for an intruder to be lurking outdoors with a
notebook computer and wireless NIC
With the intent of intercepting the signals from a nearby
wireless network
Some wireless technologies can provide added levels of
security
Health risks
High levels of RF can produce biological damage through
heating effects
Wireless devices emit low levels of RF while being used

communications
Summary
Wireless communications have become commonplace

Wireless networks and devices are found in all circles of life
today
Wireless wide area networks will enable companies of all
sizes to interconnect their offices
Without the high cost charged by telephone carriers for
their landline connections
WLAN applications are found in a wide variety of industries
and organizations
Remote sensors
Capable of communicating using wireless technologies
Used in large manufacturing facilities
To monitor equipment and for scientific research

communications
Wireless communication advantages
Mobility
Easier and less expensive installation
Increased network reliability
Support for disaster recovery
Wireless communication disadvantages
Radio signal interference

Security issues
Health risks

communications

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CH02 Wireless Transmission

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Mobile Communications

Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Explain how the major wireless technologies

What is Wireless Communication ?

Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic

Higher frequency means higher energy photons

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Types of wireless communication

Mobile Communications: Wireless

wireless computer network

Electromagnetic radiation spectrum

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Wavelength of Some Technologies

frequency ~= 900 Mhz

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Types of electromagnetic carriers

when the distance between the sender and receiver

waves are ideal when large areas need to be coverd

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Wireless applications (services)

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Advantages and disadvantages of wireless communication

wireless communication network is a solution in areas

information from sender to receiver is

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60)

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Basics of Radio Communication

when a high-frequency alternating current (AC) passes through a copper

radio waves have frequencies between:

Mobile Communications: Wireless

radio waves are generated by an antenna and they

Mobile Communications: Wireless

there are 3 modes of propagation:

surface mode for low frequency waves

Mobile Communications: Wireless

modulation = adding information (e.g. voice) to a carrier

Frequency Modulation (FM).

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Radio frequency interference

Radio signal attenuation (path loss)

Mobile Communications: Wireless

How Wireless Technology is Used

Describes devices and technologies that are not

Wireless data communications technologies include:

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Wireless network interface card (Wireless NIC)

Distance: 300 feet (90 meters)

Combination mobile phone and personal digital

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band

Radio frequency identification device (RFID) tags

Small chips containing radio transponders

Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

Can be used to track inventory

Wireless standards designed for very short

Special software that helps identify other

Mobile Communications: Wireless

Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band (continued)

Ultra Wide Band

Distance: up to 33 feet (10 meters)