MY GIA TC

NOI DUNG
GII THIEU

NGUYEN LY C BAN MAY GIA TOC

MAY GIA TOC TUYEN TNH

LINEAR PARTICLE ACCELERATOR (LINAC)

MAY GIA TOC VONG

CIRCULAR OR CYCLIC ACCELERATOR

PHNG THC HOC

HOC

LY THUYET : 60% SO

TIET
BAO CAO : 20% SO TIET
IEM SO :
IEM BAI TAP : 10%
IEM BAO CAO : 20%
IEM THI CUOI KY : 70%

GII THIEU
Chum hat nang lng cao khong
nhng c s dung trong nhng
nghien cu c ban va ng dung
ma con c s dung trong
nhng lnh vc ky thuat va
cong nghe khac.
Tren the gii co khoang 26.000
may gia toc. Trong cac may nay
ch co 1% may co nang lng
tren 1GeV dung trong cac
nghien cu, khoang 44% may
gia toc dung trong ieu tr,
khoang 41% may dung trong
viec cay ion, khoang 9% may
dung trong cac quy trnh cong
nghiep va nghien cu, va
khoang 4% may dung cho y sinh
va cac nghien cu nang lng
thap

NG DUNG MY GIA TC

To ra nhng ng v phng x c chu k bn r ngn phc v cho chn on

trong y hc.
o c tit din trong vt l ht nhn, nguyn t.
Ch to mch bn dn.
To ra bc x ng b cho qu trnh nghin cu vt liu.
Nghin cu vt l ht c bn.
t nng plasma cho l phn ng nhit.
Kim tra vt liu dng trong qu trnh iu khin l phn ng nhit.
To nha do nng bng qu trnh cross-linking.
To xung tia X cho qu trnh chp nh phng x.
Lm bin i b mt vt liu bng cch cy ghp ion.
Nghin cu cu trc ht nhn.
Kim nghim nhng vt liu c nhng ng dng an ton.
Chiu x v kh trng thc phm.
Lm ngun xung ntron cho qu trnh chp nh phng x v nghin cu vt liu.
To ra chm tia X v ht pion cho qu trnh iu tr phng x.
ng dng bc x hm sinh ra t my gia tc nghin cu phn ng quang ht
nhn hoc pht x cng hng ht nhn.
p dng vo vic chuyn i nhng ng v c chu k bn r ln thnh ng v c
chu k bn r ngn trong qu trnh qun l cht thi phng x.

ng dung my gia tc trong

y hoc
Trong iu tri ung th
Trong tao ng phong xa
Trong chn oan bnh.

LINAC dng iu tri ung th.

Cyclotron tao ng vi phng xa

dng cho my PET CT
chn on hnh anh

ng dung may gia tc trong Cng

nghip
Chiu x dy cp in bng my gia tc chm tia in t

Cp chiu x c kh nng
chu nhit v chng n mn
ha hc
S dung trong cng ngh ch
to may bay, tu ngm, tu
tu v tru, trong lnh vc
vin thng v qun i.
Cc nc ng dng: Bc M,
Nht Bn, Trung Quc,
Hn Quc

Ch to vt liu co nhit
Dng may gia tc chm tia in t nng lng 1-3 MeV chiu x liu t 75250 kGy ln ng nha tng hp, em nung nhit 90-120 oC chng s co
li t 1/2- 1/4 ln. S dung lm cac v bc dy cap, ni cac ng ng
Dng chm in t nng lng 0,5-1,0 MeV chiu ln tm mng mng s
dung gi thc phm

Cac nc ch to thnh cng v ang ng dung: Nht Bn, Bc M

(1998), Trung Quc, Hn Quc (2001)

Ch to vt liu lm v t
Dng nng lng bc x (gamma, EB) to lin kt mch Carbon ca vt liu
dng lm v xe. Khi mang di gia cng, ch to s t c ng u v
cn i tt nht, ngoi ra cn tng kh nng chu nhit ca v xe.
Gii hn liu: 30-50 kGy
Cac nc ng dung Nht Bn, Bc
M, Hn Quc. Cac v xe hin
thng mi ha t 5 cng ty ca
Nht Bn:
Bridgestone Corp., Yokohama Rubber
Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Rubber Industries
Ltd., Toyo Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.,
Ohtsu Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.

Bc M c 4 cng ty:
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Cooper
Tire & Rubber Co., Carlisle Tire &
Wheel Co., GTY Tire Co.

Ch to vt liu xp
Polyethylene c lin kt vi mt vi cht hu c khac bng bc x s to
ra mt vt liu c cac c tnh:
- co gin ln
- bin dng do nhit thp
- S n nh cao
- n hi cao
- thm nc thp
- t b n mn ha hc
Vt liu ny c s dung ch to tm
xp cach nhit, cach in tt, sn xut cac
dng th thao, giai dung, gh nm
trong xe t
Nht Bn, Bc M v sau
ny l Hn Quc s
dung may gia tc nng
lng 0,5-5 MeV to ra
cac vt liu ny, vi mc
liu 5-7 kGy

ng my gia tc trong nghin

Trong nghin cu hat nhn
cu
Trong nghin cu hat c ban.
Trong nghin cu vt liu.
DESY

Trung tm s may
gia tc trong
nghin cu trn th
gii

ia im

CERN

GENEVA, THUY SI

FERMILAB

ILLINOIS, MY

KEK

TSUKUBA, NHT

DESY

HAMBURG, C

CERN

FERMILAB

KEK

GII
THIE
U

LCH S PHAT TRIEN VAT LY

MAY GIA TOC
1913: J.Franck va G Hertz thc hien th nghiem au tien
nham kch thch nguyen t bang cac electron c gia toc.
1914: Marsden tao ra chum proton au tien bang cach
chieu chum hat alpha vao parafin.
1920: H. Greinacher thiet ke may phat a tang au tien.
1922: R. Wideroe khi con la sinh vien tren ai hoc a phat
thao ra may bien the chum hat.
1924: Ising phat minh ra may gia toc thang electron dung
cac ong troi, va s kch thch khe sang.

GII
THIE
U

1928: Wideroe cong bo hoat ong cua may gia toc thang
cho chum ion kali va natri, khao sat hoat ong cua
betatron, va b that bai trong viec thu chum tia do khong
at hoi tu.
1931: Van de Graaff lap rap may phat cao thea au
tien.
1932: Lawrence va Livingston lan au tien gia toc c
chum proton bang Cyclotron 1.2 MeV.
Crockcroft va Walton cai tien may phat a tang
e gia toc proton va tao phan ng hat nhan nhan tao
au tien: Li + p 2He.
1939: W.W. Hansen, R.Varian va S. Varian phat minh ra ong
phat song vi ba klystron tai Stanford

GII
THIE
U

1941: Kerst va Serber hoan thanh betatron au tien.

Touschek va Wideroe tnh c nguyen ly vong tch
luy.
1944: Ivanenko va Pomeranchuk cung vi Schwinger ong
thi tm c gii han nang lng trong cac may gia toc
vong do mat mat t bc xa synchrotron.
1945: Veksler va McMillan cung luc phat hien nguyen ly
hoi tu pha.
Bletwett kham pha bang thc nghiem bc xa
synchrotron bang cach o nang lng mat mat cua
electron.
1947: Alvarez thiet ke may gia toc thang proton au tien
tai Berkeley.
Nhom Ginxton gia toc electron en 6 MeV bang may
gia toc thang Mark I tai Stanford.
1949: Nhom E.M. McMillan xay dng synchrotron electron 320
MeV.

GII
THIE
U

1950: Christofilos a ra khai niem ve hoi tu manh.

1951: Motz xay dng nam cham wiggler au tien nham
tao bc xa synchrotron gia n sac.
1952: Nhom Livingson cong bo thiet ke Cosmotron 2.2 GeV
tai Brockhaven.
Nhom Courant cong bo bai bao au tien ve hoi
tu manh.
Nhom Chodorow hoan thanh may gia toc tuyen
tnh electron 600MeV Mark III.
1954: Nhom R.R. Wilson van hanh synchrotron electron AG
au tien tai Cornell at nang lng en 1.1 GeV.
Nhom Lofgren gia toc proton en 5.7 GeV tai
Bevatron.
1955: Sands xac nh gii han hoi tu pha do kch thch
nguyen t.
1958: Courant va Snyder xuat ban bai bao au tien ve
ly thuyet Synchrotron gradient-xoay chieu.

GII
THIE
U

PHAN LOAI MAY GIA TOC

Theo c chea gia
toac:
co hai loai

Gia toac tonh ien

(dung trong cac nghien
cu nang lng thap
khoang 30MV).
Gia toac bi trng
dao ong (rf, song ien
t). Trong gia toc tnh
ien, khi tang ien the
en mot gia tr nao
o se tao ra s phong
ien nen e gia toc
hat at en mot nang
lng cao hn chung ta
can phai dung en ky
thuat gia toc dung
Thuat
trng
daong
ongmay
rf. C gia toac hat thng
chea
gia cho
toac cac
rf c
dung
may gia toac hat co
dung
cho
gia
toac

CC LOAI MY GIA TC
May gia tc
Particle
accelerators

C ch gia tc: in t
trng

C ch gia tc: Tnh in

Electrostatic

Electromagnetic
C ch: Cng hng
Resonant

Cockcroft
Walton.

C ch: khng cng hng

Nonresonant

Van de Graaff.
Pulsed Diodes.

Gia tc tuyn tnh

Gia tc vng

Gia tc tuyn tnh

Gia tc vng

Linear

Circular

Linear

Circular

RF electron Linac.
RF Quadrupole.

Cyclotron.
RF Synchrotron.

Drift Tube Linac.

Coupled Cavity
Linac.

Synchrotron cam ng
Induction Synchrotron

Gia tc tuyn tnh

cam ng electron

Gia tc tuyn tnh

cam ng ion

Electron Induction Linac

Ion Induction Linac

Betatron

GII
THIE
U

May gia toac

tuyean tnh

May gia toac

vong

MAY GIA TOC TNH

IEN
1.Cockcroft Walton
2.Van de Graaff
3.Tandem
MAY GIA TOC RF
4.Linac
5.Cyclotron
6.Betatron
7.Synchrotron
8.Synchrocyclotron
9.Storage ring (vong lu
tr)
10.Fixed-Field Alternating
Gradient accelerator
(FFAG)
11.Microtron

GII
CAC
THIE
TOC
gia
U 1- May
(gia toac DC).

KIEU MAY GIA

toac Cockcroft Walton

The
CockcroftWalton
(CW)
generator,
or
multiplier, is an electric circuit which generates a
high DC voltage from a low voltage AC or pulsing
DC input. It was named after British physicists
John Douglas Cockcroft
and
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, who in 1932 used this
circuit design to power their particle accelerator,
performing the first artificial nuclear disintegration in
history. They used this voltage multiplier cascade for
most of their research, which in 1951 won them the
Nobel Prize in Physics for "Transmutation of atomic
nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles". Less
well known is the fact that the circuit was discovered
much earlier, in 1919, by Heinrich Greinacher, a Swiss
physicist. For this reason, this doubler cascade is
sometimes also referred to as the Greinacher
My
gia tc CW
hayCockcroft-Walton
my pht CW l mch
inare
khuch
multiplier.
Today
circuits
still
i
mt chiu
DC t ngunbut
inalso
th xoay
chiu
usedcaointhparticle
accelerators,
in many
everyday
require
voltages,
thp.
Myelectronic
c t devices
tn theothat
hai nh
vt high
l ngi
Anh,
such
as
x-ray
machines,
television
sets, Sinton
and
John Douglas
Cockcroft
v Ernest
Thomas
photocopiers.
Walton. Vo nm 1932 hai nh my Vt l ny to ra

ngun cp cao th cho my gia tc ca h trong th

nghim bn ph ht nhn nhn to u tin trong lch s.

This CockcroftWalton voltage multiplier was

part of one of the early particle accelerators
responsible for development of the
atomic bomb. Built in 1937 by Philips of
Eindhoven it currently resides in the

Design
Cu tao ca CW

CW c cu to t cac tu in v diod
theo s nh hnh bn. in th qua
mi tng s tng theo chu k chnh lu
dng in. Nu mun c in th u
ra cao th cn phi tng s tng khuch
i ln

Sag : lam chung xuong. Rectifier: bo tach song

Impedance: tr khang
Ripple: o gn song

MY GIA TC VAN DE GRAAFF L G?

L may c th gia tc c
ht nng ln nh
(ion,proton,e,).
Gia tc tuyn tnh (ht
chuyn ng theo qu o
thng).
Gia tc tnh in.
May gia tc khng tng
i tnh (vn tc ca ht
gia tc nh hn so vi vn
tc anh sang).
May gia tc Van de Graaff ti JRC-IRMM

May gia tc Van de Graaff

c phat trin vo u
nhng nm 1930 .
May gia tc hot ng da
trn nguyn tc may phat in
Van de Graaff c phat minh
vo 1929 bi nh vt l ngi
M Robert J Van de Graaff.
Robert J Van de Graaff
(1901-1967)

M hnh may phat Van de Graaff c xy

dng ti MIT
Bn v may phat Van de Graaff vo
nm 1929

Bn tho u tin v may gia tc Van de Graaff

trong bng sang ch ca Robert J Van de Graaff
vo nm 1931

Bn v may gia tc Van de Graaff c

hai qu cu c xy dng ti Round
Hill nm 12/12/1933

Ci tin dy ai

May gia tc Pelletron

May gia tc Van de

Graaff dng gia tc
proton ti i hc
Western Washington,
Bellingham.

C thm
b lc

May gia tc Tandem

2.S NGUYN L THIT K

S o may phat Van de Graaffgenerator.

1) Qua cau kim loai rong
2) ien cc tren
3) Truc lan tren (chat lieu kim loai)
4) Mat day ai tch ien dng
5) Mat day ai tch ien am
6) Truc lan di (chat lieu knh acrylic)
7) ien cc di (noi at)
8) Thiet b hnh cau mang ien tch
am dung e xa ien cho qua cau
kim loai

Schematic view of a classical Van de

Graaff-generator.
1) hollow metal sphere
2) upper electrode
3) upper roller (metal)
4) side of the belt with positive charges
5) opposite side of the belt with negative
charges
6) lower roller (for example an acrylic glass
)
7) lower electrode (ground)
8) spherical device with negative charges,

B phn to cao th dng gia tc ht:

Hn ch ca qua trnh tch in qu cu.

1 million volts,
1979
3 million electron
volts

A 1960s single stage 2 MeV linear Van

de Graaff accelerator, here opened for
maintenance

GII
THIE
U

3- May gia toac Tandem

(gia toac DC).

C che hoat ong giong nh may gia toc Van de Graaff
In the Tandem accelerator, the high voltage generating system is
the same as Van de Graaff device, but at first negative ion is
accelerated from the ground potential side to the high voltage terminal,
and electric charges are stripped off with charge exchanger of carbon or
gas stripper foil at the terminal, then become positive ions and are
accelerated again to the ground potential level as shown in Fig

The acceleration voltage becomes possible to be 2 times of

the terminal voltage. The Van de Graaff generator and the
Tandem can provide beams of stable energy and small energy
spread, but they are unable to provide as high currents as the
Cockcroft-Walton generator.

It is located at Oak Ridge National

Laboratory (ORNL) .The tandem
accelerator is a model 25 URC
accelerator built to ORNL
specifications by the National
Electrostatics Corporation (NEC).
The high-voltage generator,
located inside a 100-ft-high, 33-ftdiameter pressure vessel, has
been built in a folded
configuration with both low- and
high-energy acceleration tubes
contained within the same column
structure. Reversal of ion
direction in the high-voltage
terminal is provided by a 180
degree magnet which also serves
to prevent ions of unwanted
charge state from being
introduced into the high-energy
acceleration tube. The insulating
gas used for the tandem is pure
SF6. Typical operating pressure is
between 65 and 80 psig. Today,
the tandem accelerator provides
acceleration for radioactive ion
beams (RIBs) produced from the

GII
THIE
U

4- May gia toac TUYEN TNH linac

(gia toac

bi rf).
In 1924, G. Ising suggested the particles accelerating principle
with a linear series of conducting drift tubes and R. Widere
actually built a 'proof-of-principle' linear accelerator in 1928. For
the linear accelerator, alternate drift tubes are connected to the
same terminal of an rf generator
as shown in Fig

Lch s ca may gia tc ht thng c m t gn lin vi s phat

trin ca cyclotrons.Tuy nhin, a s khng tha nhn vic Linacs
c phat trin song song vi Cyclotron v cac loi may gia tc trn
khac.
Trong khi Lawrence v Livingston thit k cac cyclotron nh u tin
vo nm 1930, R. Widere xut bn mt bi bao nm 1928 v kt
qu ca mnh v mt may gia tc tuyn tnh RF cho cac ion.
Trc l mt xut nm 1925 bi G. Ising. N bao gm mt lot
cac ng hnh tru, t dc trong ng thy tinh dc theo truc ng. Cac
ng c kt ni vi mt may phat in RF . Bng cach chn tn s
v in ap RF thch hp, mt lot cac ion nng c th c tng tc
qua cac khong trng v tu li cng mt lc.

 Sau

Th chin II, nm 1946, nh vt l ngi M Luis

Alvarez, a ra mt thit k linac cai thin, c bit
n nh mt "linac ng tri (DTL)".Cc DTL c mt cu
hnh chung nh linac ban u, vi mt ng c cha mt
tp hp cc in cc c chiu di tng ln, nhng DTL
c mt ng kim loai boc bn ngoi v cc ng hnh tru t
trong ng kim loai th khng c kt ni in trc tip n
cc in cc, c goi l " ng tri".Cc DTL c cung
cp nng lng bi mt my pht v tuyn in c nng
lng cao vi tn s 200 MHz.Cc sng v tuyn gy ra
in p xoay chiu trong ng tri tng tc mt hat tch
in.
Mt loat cc Linacs RF cng sut cao cho cc proton v
deuterons c xy dng v th nghim bt u vo nm
1950 tai Phng th nghim Quc gia Lawrence Livermore.
Hin nay hu ht cc linacs hin ai c da trn thit
k nguyn ban 200 MHz ca L. Alvarez

CU TO MY LINAC

Mt h LINAC gm c:
Ngun ion: thit k ca ngun da trn tnh cht ca
ht c gia tc.
Ngun cao th: gia tc ht lc ban u.
Bung chn khng: bao bc ton b h thng. Dng
ng chn khng hn ch cac va chm ca ht trn
ng i gip vic gia tt hiu qu hn. Kch thc
thay i ty theo muc ch ng dung.
Electrodes: cac cc in c di t l vi nhau, cach
nhau bi nhng khe c khong cach khng i.
Ngun Radio Frequency: ngun phat sng in trng
vi tn s microwave.
Mc tiu cui: c 2 ng dung thng dung nht l to
tia X trong cac my Linac Y hc v gia tc ht lc u
trc khi cho vo cac my gia tc vng hoc vng lu
tr.

NGUYN TC
HOT NG LINAC

GII
THIE
U

The linac within the Australian Synchrotron uses

radio waves from a series of RF cavities at the
start of the linac to accelerate the electron
beam in bunches to energies of 100 MeV

GII
THIE
U

5- May gia toac VONG CYCLOTRON.

Do Ernest Lawrence a ra vo nm 1929. tng xut phat t cng trnh v may gia
tc tuyn tnh c cng b bi Widere. Lawrence ch to thnh cng may gia tc
vng u tin vo nm 1932. May c ng knh c 30cm v may c th gia tc proton
n nng lng 1,25MeV.
This machine split the atom only weeks after Cockcroft and Walton. For
this achievement on the invention of cyclotron and the study of various
artificial radio isotopes produced with cyclotorn, Lawrence received the
Nobel Prize in 1939.

Trong may gia tc vng, chm ht c gia tc bi in trng gia hai khe (hai
in cc) c to ra t sng v tuyn RF. T trng ch ng vai tr nh
hng lm cho chm ht gia tc chuyn ng trn cac qu o trn.

By this method, the total distance for acceleration can be reduced

and the machines are possible to build as compact device. Together
with the Tandem accelerators, the cyclotrons have been used for
studies of nuclear physics. They are used also for medical
applications (for isotope production with several to several tens of
MeV proton and for radiation therapy to 250 MeV proton).

As the large scale machines, there are a 590 MeV proton

cyclotron of Paul Sherrer Institute (Switzerland), a 200 MeV /
nucleon superconducting heavy ion cyclotron of National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (USA), a 135 MeV /
nucleon heavy ion ring cyclotron of Institute of Physical and
Chemical Research (RIKEN, Japan).

u im ca may gia tc vng

Tao ra chm hat lin tuc tai bia nn cng sut

trung bnh ca my cao.
Kch thc nh nn giam ng k cc chi ph
xy dng cng cc ch ph cho cc vt liu che
chn phng xa.

Nhng han ch ca may gia tc vng

The spiral path of the cyclotron beam can only "sync up" with
klystron-type (constant frequency) voltage sources if the
accelerated particles are approximately obeying
Newton's Laws of Motion.
If the particles become fast enough that relativistic effects
become important, the beam gets out of phase with the
oscillating electric field, and cannot receive any additional
acceleration.
The cyclotron is therefore only capable of accelerating particles
up to a few percent of the speed of light.
To accommodate increased mass the magnetic field may be
modified by appropriately shaping the pole pieces as in the
isochronous cyclotrons, operating in a pulsed mode and
changing the frequency applied to the dees as in the
synchrocyclotrons, either of which is limited by the diminishing
cost effectiveness of making larger machines.
Cost limitations have been overcome by employing the more
complex synchrotron or linear accelerator, both of which have

A French cyclotron, produced in Zurich, Switzerland in

GII
THIE
U

6- My gia tc BETATRON.
L may gia tc vng c phat trin bi Donald Kerst i hc Illinois vo nm 1940
gia tc electron.

Ht c gia tc bi thng lng t trng bin thin, ch thch hp trong gia tc

ht nh l electron.
The magnet structure of a betatron resembles that of a cyclotron.
The major difference is the shape of the core part with the pole
shoes as shown in
Fig. The orbit radius of the circulating electron beam is kept
constant through out the acceleration process.
Applications Betatrons were historically employed in

particle physics experiments to provide

high energy beams of electronsup to
about 300 MeV. If the electron beam is
directed at a metal plate, the betatron
can be used as a source of energetic
x-rays or gamma rays; these x-rays may
be used in industrial and medical
applications (historically in
radiation oncology). A small version of a
Betatron was also used to provide
electrons converted into neutrons by a
target to provide prompt initiation of
some nuclear weapons.[2][3]
The Radiation Center, the first private
medical center to treat cancer patients
with a betatron was opened by Dr.
O. Arthur Stiennon, in a suburb of

GII
THIE
U

7- May gia toac .SYNCHROTRON.

A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator in which
the magnetic field (to turn the particles so they circulate) and the electric
field (to accelerate the particles) are carefully synchronised with the
travelling particle beam. The proton synchrotron was originally conceived
by Sir Marcus Oliphant[1]. The honour of being the first to publish the idea
went to Vladimir Veksler, and the first electron synchrotron was
constructed by Edwin McMillan.

Diamond Light Source

Ltd.
, is a new third
generation (3GeV)
synchrotron in the UK.
It started operations
in January 2007 and
will provide x-ray,
infrared and
ultraviolet beams of
exceptional
brightness. These will
be used by scientists
and engineers for
research and
development in many
fields including
biomedical science,
medical research,
environmental
sciences and physical
sciences.

Modern industrial-scale synchrotrons can be very large (here,

Soleil near Paris)

In the synchrotron, either the magnetic field or the frequency of

the oscillator is varied to keep the beam trajectory constant and
to maintain the time between accelerations synchronized with
the radio frequency. Magnets are arranged in circumference, and
ions are run around the fixed orbit by increasing both magnetic
field and radio-frequency according to
their acceleration energies as shown in Fig. In order to accelerate
particles to very high energies, it is also necessary to have
focusing mechanisms in the transverse and longitudinal (energy)
planes based on the week/strong focusing principle and phase
stability.

Design and operation

Particles are injected into the main ring at substantial energies by either a
linear accelerator or by an intermediate synchrotron which is in turn fed by a
linear accelerator. The "linac" is in turn fed by particles accelerated to
intermediate energy by a simple high voltage power supply, typically a
Cockcroft-Walton generator.
Starting from an appropriate initial value determined by the injection velocity
the magnetic field is then increased. The particles pass through an electrostatic
accelerator driven by a high alternating voltage. At particle speeds not close to
the speed of light the frequency of the accelerating voltage can be made
roughly proportional to the current in the bending magnets.
A finer control of the frequency is performed by a servo loop which responds to the
detection of the passing of the traveling group of particles. At particle speeds
approaching light speed the frequency becomes more nearly constant, while the
current in the bending magnets continues to increase.
The maximum energy that can be applied to
the particles (for a given ring size and magnet
count) is determined by the saturation of the
cores of the bending magnets (the point at
which increasing current does not produce
additional magnetic field). One way to obtain
additional power is to make the torus larger and
add additional bending magnets. This allows
the amount of particle redirection at saturation
to be less and so the particles can be more
energetic. Another means of obtaining higher
power is to use superconducting magnets,
these not being limited by core saturation

The synchrotron is mainly used for the study of elementary

particle physics in order to achieve the highest energy. As the
large machines, there are a 500 GeV proton synchrotron of
Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory (USA), a 100 GeV /nucleon x 100 GeV / nucleon
heavy ion collider of Brookhaven National. Laboratory (USA).
For medical use, a 250 MeV proton synchrotron and a 800
MeV / nucleon heavy ion synchrotron (National Institute of
Radiological Science.) are used.

GII
THIE
U

8- May gia toac .SYNCHROCYCLOTRON.

A synchrocyclotron is a cyclotron in which the frequency
of the driving RF electric field is varied to compensate for
relativistic effects as the particles' velocity begins to
approach the speed of light. This is in contrast to the
classical cyclotron, where the frequency was held constant

The 600 MeV

SynchroCyclotron
(1957) was
CERN's first
accelerator

The two fundamental differences between this

machine and the orthodox cyclotron are that
1.in this machine, only one dee is used instead of two
2. the frequency of oscillating electric field is made to decrease
continuously instead of keeping it constant so as to maintain the
resonance with ion frequency. One terminal of the oscillating
electric potential varying periodically is applied to the dee and
the other terminal is earthed. The proton or deuterons to be
accelerated are made to move in circles of increasing radii. The
acceleration of particles takes place as they enter or leave D. at
the outer edge, the ion beam can be removed with the aid of
electrostatic deflector. It was possible to produce 200MeV
deuterons and 400MeV -particle with the first synchrocyclotron
Synchrocyclotrons have not been built since the isochronous
cyclotron was developed.
Isochronous cyclotrons maintain a constant RF driving frequency
and compensate for relativistic effects by increasing the
magnetic field with radius. Isochronous cyclotrons are capable of
producing much greater beam current than synchrocyclotrons

Orthodox : chnh th

u im
The chief advantage of the synchrocyclotron is that there is no
need to restrict the number of revolutions executed by the ion
before its exit. As such, the potential difference supplied between
the dees can be much smaller.
The smaller potential difference needed across the gap has the
following uses:
1.There is no need for a narrow gap between the dees as in the
case of convention cyclotron, because strong electric fields for
producing large acceleration are not required. Thus only one dee
can be used instead of two, the other end of the oscillating
voltage supply being connected to earth.
2.The magnetic pole pieces can be brought closer, thus making it
possible to increase greatly the magnetic flux density.
3.The frequency valve oscillator is able to function with much
greater efficiency.

Han ch
The main drawback of this device is that, as a result of the
variation in the frequency of the oscillating voltage supply, only a
very small fraction of the ions leaving the source are captured in
phase-table orbits of maximum radius and energy so that the
output beam current is rendered weak. Thus the machine

GII
THIE
U

9- Storage ring Vong lu tr.

A storage ring is a type of circular particle accelerator in
which a continuous or pulsed particle beam may be kept
circulating for a long period of time, up to many hours.
Storage of a particular particle depends upon the mass,
energy and usually charge of the particle being stored.
Most commonly, storage rings are to store electrons,
positrons, or protons

The most common application of storage rings is to store

electrons which then radiate synchrotron radiation. There are
over 50 facilities based on electron storage rings in the world
today, used for a variety of studies in chemistry and biology.
Storage rings are used to produce polarized high-energy electron
beams through the Sokolov-Ternov effect. Arguably the best
known application of storage rings is their use in
particle accelerators and in particle colliders, in which two
counter-rotating beams of stored particles are brought into
collision at discrete locations, the results of the subatomic
interactions being studied in a surrounding particle detector.
Examples of such facilities are LHC, LEP, PEP-II, KEKB, RHIC,
Tevatron and HERA.
Arguably: Ngi ta c th cho rng

Technically speaking, a storage ring is a type of synchrotron.

However, a conventional synchrotron serves to accelerate
particles from a low to a high energy with the aid of radiofrequency accelerating cavities; a storage ring, as the name
suggests, keeps particles stored at a constant energy, and
radio-frequency cavities are only used to replace energy lost
through synchrotron radiation and other processes.
Gerard K. O'Neill proposed the use of storage rings as building
blocks for a collider in 1956. A key benefit of storage rings in this
context is that the storage ring can accumulate a high beam flux
from an injection accelerator that achieves a much lower flux. [1]

The 7-GeV electrons are

injected into the 1104-mcircumference storage ring, a
circle of more than 1,000
electromagnets and
associated equipment,
located in a radiation-proof
concrete enclosure inside the
experiment hall, which is
large enough to encircle
Chicago's U.S. Cellular Field. A
powerful electromagnetic
field focuses the electrons
into a narrow beam that is
bent on a circular path as it
orbits within aluminum-alloy
vacuum chambers running
through the centers of the
electromagnets

The first storage ring consisted of

a hexapole bent into a torus

Torus : Hnh xuyen

GII
THIE
U

10- FFAG accelerator(Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient

accelerator ).
A Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient accelerator (FFAG)
is a type of circular particle accelerator being developed
for potential applications in physics, medicine, national
security, and energy production, that has features of
cyclotrons and synchrotrons.[1] FFAG accelerators combine
the cyclotron's advantage of continuous, unpulsed
operation, with the synchrotron's relatively inexpensive
This
is magnet
achievedring,
by using
magnets
with strong focusing
small
of narrow
bore.

alternating-gradient quadrupole fields to confine the beam,

accompanied by a dipole bending magnetic field which bends the
beam to close the orbital ring. By the use of a strong radial
magnetic field gradient in the dipole component, yet with a timeconstant "fixed field" as the particles are accelerated, particles
with larger energies move successively to slightly larger orbits,
where the bending field is larger. The beam thus remains
confined to a narrow ring, as in a synchrotron, yet without the
synchrotron's requirement that the machine be operated in
pulsed acceleration cycles.

Top view of KURRI-FFAG accelerator complex IN

OSAKA JAPAN.

GII
THIE
U

11- Microtron.
A microtron is a cyclotron in which the kinetic energy of
electrons is increased by a constant amount per field change
(one half or a whole revolution). They are designed to operate at
constant field frequency and magnetic field strength despite
notable relativistic effects at higher energies. Thus, power
consumption can be much reduced.
In a microtron due to their different relativistic mass the electrons
in different passes of the acceleration fly on different paths
through the bending magnet dees. The time needed for that is
proportional to the pass number. The slow electrons need one
electric field oscillation, the faster electrons an integer multiple of
A 20 oscillation.
MeV , 30 mA microtron is used as an injector to
this
the booster. This microtron is fully designed at RRCAT
and has been fabricated locally. The main feature of
this microtron is that it is mounted in vertical
orientation to match the emittance of the electron
beam from it with the acceptance of the booster in the
horizontal and vertical planes. Microwave system
consisting of a microwave source, a transmission line
and a radio frequency (RF) cavity has been also
fabricated. Microwave source consists of a 5 MW
pulsed klystron and a solid state synthesizer. The
components of microwave transmission line are made
in S-band WR784 waveguide section. The transmission
line is pressurized to 2.5 Kg/sq.cm. with dry nitrogen.
RF cavity is a cylindrical cavity resonant in TEM 010
mode. A cylindrical pin of Lanthanum hexaboride is

A microtron type accelerator is a

machine which circulate electrons
in constant magnetic field, and
accelerates electrons by an RF
cavity electric field. Typical
microtrons have an external
electron gun. The Photon
Production Laboratory
MICROTRON, includes an internal
electron gun in the RF cavity. This
results in the 20 MeV MICROTRON
having a 1.3m diameter, and the
smaller 6 MeV an 10 MeV products
The constant magnetic field environment
of the a
microtron
causes the
both having
0.65m diameter.
electrons to circulate in ever larger orbits as they repeatedly pass
through the RF cavity and are accelerated. Once the electrons reach the
design level of the microtron, which of course corresponds to the largest
orbit made by the electrons, they enter an extraction channel and leave
the MICROTRON.

Whereas a LINAC requires a pre-buncher and -magnet for <1% electron

energy distribution, the internal electron gun inside the RF cavity gives
MICROTRON an inherently low electron energy distribution and does not
require a pre-buncher.