METROLOGY

The literal meaning of metrology is the science

of measurement.
Definition:

Metrology is a group of activities related to

measurement process carried out under specific
conditions using measuring tools and equipment
based on the international or national criteria to find
and registered the relationship between the real
and estimated values which achieve the
international system units (SI) aiming at acquiring
knowledge about the extent of conformity of
measuring equipment and tools with this
international system .

Measuring means:

The means of measurements could be

classified as follows:
Standards: These are used to reproduce one or
several definite values of a given quantity.
Fixed gauges: These are used to check the
dimensions, form, and position of product features.
Measuring instruments: These are used to
determine the values of the measured quantity.

Physical Measurement
It is defined as the act of deriving quantitative
information about a physical object or action
by comparison with a reference.
It is noted that there are three important
elements of a measurements:

i) Measurand: the physical quantity or property like

length, angle etc. being measured.
Ii) Comparison or Comparator: the means of
comparing measurand with some reference to make
a judgement.

iii) reference: the physical quantity or

property to which quantitative comparisons
are made.

There are several other methods of measurements

which are also used in the case of Metrology:

1) Nominal size (Basic size): it the size on

which the limits of size are based and which is
assigned to a part in accordance with its
function.
2) True size: it the theoretical size of a
dimension, which is free from any errors of
measurement.
3) Actual size: it is the value of size obtained
through measurement with the permissible
measuring error.

4) Exact Size: it is the value of size obtained

with the highest metrological accuracy
attainable in practice.
5) Appropriate size: it is the value of size
obtained with an error exceeding the
permissible error of measurement and
requiring refinement.
6) Correction: it is the amount which should be
algebraically added to the indicated value to
obtain the actual value of the size being
measured. The correction is numerically equal
to the error, but opposite in sign.

7) Verification: it is the process of testing an

instrument for the purpose of assessing the
indication errors and determining whether
setting standards or measuring instruments
meet the prescribed specification.
Calibration: it is the process of determining the
values of the quantity being measured.

Measuring Instruments
Measuring instruments are measuring
devices that transform the measured
quantity or a related quantity into an
indication or information.
Measuring instruments usually utilize a
measuring sequence in which the measured
quantity is transformed into a quantity
perceptible to the observer (length, angle,
sound, etc.)

(1) Measuring Range:

It is the range of values of the measured
quantity for which the obtained from a single
measurement under normal conditions of use
does not exceed the maximum permissible
error.
The measuring range is limited by the
maximum capacity and the minimum capacity.

(2) Sensitivity
It is the quotient of the increase in observed
variable(indicated by pointer and scale) and
the corresponding increase in the measured
quantity.
It is also equal to the length of any scale
division divided by the value of that division
expressed in terms of the measured
quantity.

Assignment - II
Write short notes on:
3. scale interval
4. Discrimination
5. Hysteresis
6. Response time
7. repeatability
8. Inaccuracy
Date of Submission: 8th Nov., 2009 (By 5
p.m.)
@ravikishor31@gmail.com