Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eco-Design IV Tools
Eco-Design IV Tools
Eco-Design IV Tools
Contents
1. Overall strategies and concepts
2. Tools
2.1. Business perspective
2.2. Analytical tools
2.3. Procedural tools
2.4. Communication tools
2.5. Product sustainability toolbox
3. Policies and Instruments
Economy
Sustainability
Social
Policy principles
Continuous improvement
Transparency
Eco-efficiency
Precaution
Life cycle thinking
Polluter pays
Common but differentiated responsibilities
Overall Strategies
Dematerialization
Life Cycle Management
Product Service Systems
The Triple Bottom Line Concept
Investment and insurance
Corporate responsibility
Reporting
Education and training
Dematerialization
Addressing needs and functionality rather than
the product alone
Tracking throughput of materials and energy in
industrial and consumption processes
Major increase in resource productivity
Return to the
environment
Consumption/
Use
Re-Use
Manufacturing
Recycling
Refining
Exploration
Extraction
Society
Environment
Sustainable
Developme
nt
Economy
Economy
Source:
The Wuppertal Institute,
http://www.foeeurope.org
TBL In Society
Accepted concept
Incorporated in law
TBL assessments widely used
Business reporting tool
Expands decision-making scope
Significant advancement over
previous assessment tools
Business Goals
Companies can act in two very different ways
to Societys demand for sustainable
development:
1. Reactive: Fulfilling existing laws, directives
and perhaps standards
2. Proactive: Go beyond existing regulation to
become leader and use sustainability aspects
as business opportunities
EFFECT ASSESSMENT
Dose-response tests
Environment
Exposure prediction
Predicted Exposure
Concentration
Human Health
Predicted
Exposure Dose
Extrapolation
Acceptable Daily
Intake
RiskCharacterisation
Characterisation
--Risk
UncertaintyAnalysis
Analysis
--Uncertainty
Environment
Predicted No-Effect
Concentration
ERA steps
1. Hazard identification relationship between
different levels of exposure and effects
2. Effect assessment
3. Exposure assessment
Define scope
Identify hazards
Estimate consequences if
hazards were realized
no
Choice of more
exhaustive examination
yes
Impacts on
Human
health
Ecosystems
Resources
Goal
and scope
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
Interpretation
Direct applications:
- Product development
and improvement
- Strategic planning
- Public policy making
- Marketing
- Other
Inventory
Analysis
(ISO 14041)
Impact
Assessment
(ISO 14042)
Interpretation
(ISO 14043)
Application
IN
PU
T
R
a
w
m
aterial
E
nergy
A
c
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
rawm
aterial
Production
U
se/reuse/m
aintenance
R
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
W
asteM
anagem
ent
Acquisition of
raw material
Production
Use/ reuse/
maintenance
Recycling/ Waste
Management
System Boundaries
O
U
T
P
U
T
A
tm
ospheric
E
m
isions
W
a
s
t
e
W
a
t
e
r
s
S
o
l
i
d
W
astes
C
o-products
O
t
h
e
r
W
astes
3. Mining of limestone
Product
system
Environment
5. Transport
System
boundary
6. Sintering
7. Blast furnace
8. Steel furnace
15. Production of
electricity
9. Steel moulding
Elementary
flows
10. Transport
11. Cutting, shaping
12. Use
13. Waste handling
14. Landfill
Normalisation
and Weighting
Climate Change
Acidification
...
Environmental
Index
Optional elements
Calculating the magnitude of category indicators relative to reference
value(s) (Normalisation)
Grouping
Weighting
Data quality analysis
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessme
nt
Identification of
Evaluation by
significant issues
completeness check
sensitivity check
consistency check
Conclusions,
Recommendations
And reporting
LCA-result:
Environmental impact / functional unit
Example:
Types of environmental
interventions in LCA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Strengths of LCA
Comprehensive with respect to environmental impact
connected to a function
Avoids problem shifting
Explicit distinction between science based information
and value choices
International standardisation by ISO
Best practice identification envisaged in SETAC-UNEP
programme
Weaknesses of LCA
Too complex
Too data intensive
Does not directly consider future changes in
technology and demand
Does not consider societal effects
Only known and quantifyable environmental
effects are considered
Requires expert knowledge
Tools, data
Step1. Emissions.
Environmental burdens
Technology characterisation
Life Cycle Inventory
Step 3. Damages
Market prices
Willingness to Pay - studies
Eco-costs/Value ratio
retail
distribution
marketing
assembly
components
Eco-costs
The costs to prevent polluting emissions (to the air,
water and ground), during the life cycle, at a sustainable
level of earths carrying capacity
The eco-costs of materials, taking into account the ratio
of recycling
The cost of energy at the price level of sustainable
energy
The eco-costs related to the costs of labour
The depreciation of the eco-costs of production facilities
Ecological
Rucksack
Diagram
MFA - applications
The bookkeeping of bulk materials and
substance flows: monitoring, accounting,
inventories
Modelling of bulk material flows and stocks to
assess the origins of pollution, the fate of certain
inflows, future trends in flows and stocks
Model of CERA
CERA = CERAp + CERAu + CERAd
CERA cumulative energy requirements of the economical good
CERAp - cumulative energy requirements for the production
CERAu - cumulative energy requirements for the use
CERAd - cumulative energy requirements for the disposal
Issues in CERA
Related materials expenditures
Selection of materials and process technology with
respect to energy criteria
Relevance of the treatment of used goods through
energetic exploitation and disposal, recycling of parts,
components and materials under energy aspects
The influence of the service life of energy consuming or
energy converting economic goods under energy aspects
The emissions related to energy conversions during
production, use and disposal
Environmental Management
System: principles
How can an organisation formulate an
environmental policy and objectives, considering
legislative requirements and information about
significant environmental impacts?
Continual environmental improvement of the
organisation
ISO 14001
Environmental Management
System: steps
Environmental
policy
Management
review
Checking and
corrective actions
Planning
Implementation
and operation
Eco-design
Looks at the relation between a product and the environment.
Some common propositions about eco-design or Design for
Environment (DfE) include:
captures the environmental impacts of the whole productionconsumption chain;
60% to 80% of life-cycle impacts from products are
determined at the design stage;
DfE is to develop generic, company and product independent
standards (under ISO TC207)
way to engage business interest and action because it
focuses on the products' market vulnerability.
Category 3:
Category 1:
Environmental benefits
Environmental benefits
Technical and economic problemsTechnical and economic feasibility
Environmental
Advantages Category 4:
-
Category 2:
Few environmental improvements
Few environmental improvements
Technical and economic problemsTechnical and economic feasibility
Category
Category
Category
Category
1:
2:
3:
4:
Eco-design: Example 1
- Humidity catchers
Eco-design: Example 2
Clothes from recycled material
Environmental audit
Checking of the Environmental Management
Systems
ISO 14.010 sets out the principles and rules for
an internal and external auditing of EMS
Environmental Performance
Evaluation
Provides guidelines for the choice, monitoring and
control of environmental indicators representing the
performance of a company
Supports internal decision making
Three indicator categories: (1) environmental condition
indicators, (2) operational performance indicators, (3)
managements performance indicators
Consumer Communication
Opportunities for the consumer to make a change:
Conscious purchasing
Consumers power (voting with the pocket, activism)
Waste separation, water, energy, etc.
Buy eco-efficient products (saving)
Quality of life versus consumerism
Sustainable life styles
Crucial role of retail sector
Eco-labelling
Type I (ISO 14024) - third party certification labels: claims
are based on criteria set by a third part. Examples include the EC
Eco-Label, Nordic Swan and the German Blue Angel;
Type II (ISO 14021) self certified labels claims are based on
specific declarations by manufacturers or retailers. Numerous
examples e.g. made from X% recycled material;
Type III (ISO /TR 1425) Environmental Product Declarations
or LCA based labels are claims consist of quantified products
information base on life cycle impacts.
Single issue labelling schemes such as the private Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC) and organic food labels do not fall
within any of the categories but are partially converted by ISO 14020 General
Guidelines for Environmental Claims and Declarations.
Eco-labelling: Examples
Multi-stakeholder dialogue
Changes of the supply chain need often multistakeholder dialogue to allow that several
players act together with the same aim.
Voluntary agreements
Commitments undertaken by firms or by
industrial organisations to deal with
environmental problems
The agreements are made with or recognised by
public authorities
Applications
Tools
Data
Production
Use/
Consumption
End of life/
disposal
Maximise
efficiency
Traditional
focus of
governments
Traditional
focus of
governments
Sustainable Procurement
Sustainable procurement is the process in which organisations
buy supplies or services by taking into account:
the best value for money considerations such as, price,
quality, availability, functionality, etc.;
environmental aspects ("green procurement": the effects on
the environment that the product and/or service has over its
whole lifecycle, from cradle to the crave);
the entire Life Cycle of products;
social aspects: effects on issues such as poverty
eradication, international equity in the distribution of
resources, labour conditions, human rights.
Policy instruments
to encourage SCP
Regulatory: standards, norms, EPR (environmental
performance reviews), labelling, (enforcement)
Economic instruments: taxes, subsidies,credits,
financial incentives, etc.
Social: awareness raising, education, information,
voluntary initiatives
Others: indicators, green accounting...
GovernmentPolicyInstrumentsforWastePreventionandManagement
Production
Patterns
Household
ConsumptionPatterns
Wastegeneration
andcollection
EconomicTools
*Taxonpackaging
*Economic
incentivesforcleaner
productionandwaste
prevention.
EconomicTools
*Depositrefund
schemes
*Taxeson
disposableproducts
andpackaging.
EconomicTools
*Wastefees&taxes
*Paysasyouthrow
RegulatoryTools
*Environmental
Standards.
*Ecolabelling
Regulatorytools
*Ecolabelling
Voluntary
Approachesand
Technological
Innovation
*Triplebottomline
*Ecodesign
*Dematerialisation
*Shiftfromproducts
toservices.
*Source: OECD, 2002.
SocialTools
*Environmental
Education
*Informationon
greenpurchasing
*Supportto
voluntaryinitiatives.
Regulatorytools
*ExtendedProducer
Responsibility
*Regulationon
wastecollectionand
recyclingschemes
*Provisionof
infrastructurefor
recycling
SocialTools
*Informationon
recyclingschemes
*.Supportto
voluntaryinitiatives
WasteManagement
Systems
EconomicTools
*Taxeson
landfillingand
incineration.
Regulatorytools
*Frameworkbased
onwastehierarchy
*Environmental
regulationonwaste
management
*Bansonlandfilling
*Targetforreducing
landfillingand
incinerationofwaste
*Targetstoincrease
recyclingrates
Technology
innovation
*Energyrecovery
incinerators.
*Cleanertechnology