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Building IT Systems: Sukamto
Building IT Systems: Sukamto
Building IT Systems: Sukamto
SUKAMTO
Building IT System
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Introduction
When an organization develops a new IT system,
it goes through much the same process as building a home; this process called the system
development life cycle (SDLC).
After determining that a problem or opportunity
exists and gathering the necessary requirements
or characteristic of the new system, an organization may choose to lets its own IT specialist
design and build the new system or hire another
organization or independent consultant to do it.
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Building IT Systems
The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
The process an organization goes through to
develop an IT system.
* Why your organization want your involvement
* Why organization undertake the SDLC
In-House SDLC
When organizations use
their own IT specialist to
develop an IT system.
Outsourcing
When organizations hire
someone else to develop
an IT system.
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SDLC
The In-House
SDLC
Stage 1:
Define the problem/opportunity
No
Continue
Stop
Yes
Stage 2:
Gather requirements for the new system
No
Continue
Stop
Yes
Stage 3:
Design the new system
No
Continue
Stop
Yes
Stage 4:
Develop the new system
Stage 5:
Implement the new system
Building IT System
Stage 6:
Maintain the new system
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Stage 1:
Define the
Problem/
Opportunity
Function
* Recognize that a problem
or opportunity exists
* Gather the project
development team
* Assess the initial feasibility
* Develop a plan for
proceeding
End Documents
* Problem/opportunity definition
* Initial feasibility review and recomendation
* Project Plan
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Stage 2: Gather
Requirements for
the New System
Functions
* Focus on logical requirements
* Determine how processes work
* Determine changes that need to
be made
* Determine how processes should
work
End Documents
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Function
Stage 3:
Design the
New System
End Documents
* Technical system design
* Screen and report formats
* File and database layout
* Processing requirements (software)
* Hardware requirements
* List of people to develop the system
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Function
Stage 4:
Develop the
New System
End Documents
* Software
* Software documentation
* File and database documentation
* Detailed description of the hardware
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Parallel Conversion
Using both the old and new system until
the project development team determines
that the new system works correctly.
Probably the most expensive (it may
require some people to perform the same
task two different way), but its also the
safest.
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Plunge Conversion
Totally discarding the old system and
immediately begin using the new system
Although this method is fast and
inexpensive, its the riskiest if the new
system doesnt work.
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Piecemeal Conversion
Piecemeal conversion occurs when one
portion of the new system is implemented
and verified before other portion are
implemented.
For example, if an organization were
implementing a new accounting system, it
may choose to implement the payroll
portion before implementing the inventory,
accounts receivable, and accounts payable
portion.
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Piloting
Only one portion of the users start using
the new system until it is verified.
After that, the remaining users convert to
the new system.
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The Considerations
Besides being a cost-effective
mechanism, the real logic behind
outsourcing is to focus management
effort and resources on the firms priority
areas of business.
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RFP
Process
Stage 1:
Define the problem/opportunity
No
Continue
Stop
Yes
Stage 2:
Gather requirements for the new system
No
Continue
Stop
Yes
Stage 3:
Generate Request For Proposal (RFP)
Stage 4:
Evaluate RFP returns
No
Continue
Stop
Yes
Stage 5:
Choose a vendor
Stage 6:
Implement the new system
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Stage 7:
Maintain the new system
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Prototyping
A prototype is a simulation or
experimental model of a proposed
system or product.
Prototyping is the process of developing
a simulation or experimental model.
Prototyping can be used as a tool within
the SDLC or it can be used as a
replacement for SDLC.
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Step 1:
Identify basic requirements
Step 2:
Develop initial prototype
Preliminary process of
building mostly user
interface
Step 3:
User reviewing
Yes
Continue
No
Building IT System
Step 4:
Revise and
enhance the
prototype
Make sugested
changes (revised) and
add new requirements
(enhance)
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Disadvantages
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Context-Level Diagram
Distributor
CD Mail-Order
System
Customer
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Second-Level DFD
C u s to m e r
A d v e r t is e m e n t
C u s to m e r
O rd e r
P ro c e s s
c u s to m e r
o rd e r
1 .0
O rd e r
B ill
C u s to m e r
O rd e r
C u s to m e r
A d d re s s
C r e d it
S ta tu s
C D
In fo
N ew
c a t a lo g
in f o
C a t a lo g
D is t r ib u t o r
C a t a lo g
P aym ent
In f o r m a tio n
C D O rd e r
B ill
C u s to m e r
Enaough
In v e n to r y
I n f o r m a t io n
Pay
d is t r ib u t o r
fo r o rd e r
6 .0
C D
I n f o r m a tio n
In v e n to r y
In v e n to ry
R e d u c t io n
P ro c e s s
in c o m in g
c a t a lo g
4 .0
P ro d u c e
a d v e r tis e m e n t
3 .0
D is t r ib u t o r
In fo
In v e n to ry
Level
D is t r ib u t o r
P ro c e s s
c u s to m e r
o rd e r
1 .0
D is t r ib u t o r
A d d re s s
O rd e r C D
fro m
d is tr ib u to r
5 .0
C u s to m e r
P u rc h a s e
P u rc h a s e
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C D
O rd e r
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Computer-Assisted Software
Engineering Tools
CASE tools are software tools that automate
some portion of the SDLC.
CASE tools can help perform tasks within the
SDLC such as identifying the problem or
opportunity, gathering requirements,
generating sample screen and reports,
generating a technical blueprint from the
requirements, an providing documentation.
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Documentation Production
CASE tools generate a lot of documentation such
as description of how process work, data
dictionaries for databases, data flow diagrams,
and software documentation.
Software documentation becomes important if
changes have to be made in the future.
The documentation that CASE tools produce
becomes a knowledge repository that will be
very beneficial in the future.
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Reverse Engineering
Reverse engineering is the process of
building design documents (the system
technical blueprint) from software.
Many CASE tools will allow you to use
existing software and reverse the
process to automatically build design
documents.
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