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Chapter 4 Scheduling Management New
Chapter 4 Scheduling Management New
Chapter 4 Scheduling Management New
MEKANIKAL
POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI
AHMAD SHAH
JJ619 - INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY
This topics elaborates on scheduling management,
scheduling in high-volume system, scheduling in lowvolume system.
system.
o Understand scheduling in low-volume
system.
o Loading such as Gantt Chart, input /
output control and assignment method.
ADVANTAGES
1. It is simple and easy to understand,
2. It can be kept running (i.e., current)
3. It involves less cost to make it any maintain,
4. It can be maintained by non-technical staff, and
5. A certain percentage of total weekly capacity can
be allocated for such orders.
DISADVANTAGES
1. It provides only overall picture, and
2. It does not give detailed information.
Scheduling is difficult :
Modeling: real-world domains are hard to model.
Complexity: large/options, combination, explosion.
Criteria/Objectives: vague, ambiguous, difficult to
quantify, multiple objectives, conflicting objectives.
Uncertainty: unexpected events, new orders,
cancellations, changing costs/priorities, failures.
Domain-Specific Dependencies: unique heuristics
and rules of thumb - makes it hard to transfer
results from one domain to another.
Intervals
Job schedules are defined using the Intervals Daily, Weekly, Monthly, and
Yearly. Intervals are used to defined which days a job will run, what type of
backup (full, incremental, differential, or copy) will be done, and how many
sets of media are dedicated to the interval. The size of an interval refers to
the amount of time between runs of that interval.
o Daily run on sequential weekdays.
o Weekly run once per week on the day specified by the user, for
example, Friday.
o Monthly run once per month on a day specified by the user such as
the first day, the last day, the first Monday, and others. You can also
specify how many months should elapse between monthlies. Setting the
monthly interval to every 3 months will create a backup every quarter.
o Yearly run once per year on a specified day of the year. By
increasing the interval you can also schedule a job to run once every so
many years.
Job Shops
o products are made to order.
o orders differ considerably in their processing
requirements.
Job-shop scheduling
o Scheduling for low-volume systems with many
variations in requirements.
Loading - assignment of jobs to process centers.
Sequencing - determining the order in which jobs will
be processed.
1. Loading
Gantt chart (used as a visual aid for loading and
scheduling) Load chart and Schedule chart.
Input / Output control.
Assignment method.
2. Sequencing
Priority rules FCFS, SPT, EDD, CR, S/O and
Rush.
Sequencing jobs through two work center
Johnsons Rule.
Sequencing jobs when setup time are sequencedependent.
Definition :
o Assigning specific jobs to each work centres for the planning period.
Type of Loading :
1. Infinite loading. Jobs are assigned to work centres without regard to
the capacity of the work centres.
2. Finite loading Jobs are assigned to work centres with regard to the
capacity of the work centres and job processing times.
3. Vertical loading: Loading jobs at a work centres, job by job, usually
according to some priority criterion, using infinite loading i.e. Jobs are
assigned to work centres without regard to the capacity of the work
centres.
4. Horizontal loading: Loading each job on all work centres it will
require, then the next job on all work centres, according to some
priority, using finite loading i.e. Jobs are assigned to work centres with
regard to the capacity of the work centre and job processing times.
Gantt Chart
o Simple graphical display technique suitable for
less complex situations,
o Chart used as visual aid for loading and
scheduling purposes.
o Can be used in a number of different ways.
This does not provide any rules for choosing but
simply presents a graphical technique for
displaying results (and schedule) and for evaluating
results makespan (completion time), idle time,
waiting time, machine utilization, etc.)
Progress charts:
o Illustrates the planned schedule compared to actual performance
o Brackets show when activity is scheduled: start to finish. Design
and pilot run both finished late and feedback has not started yet.
There are a number of different types of Gantt charts. Two of the most
commonly used are the load chart and the schedule chart.
Load Chart
A load chart depicts the loading and idle times for a group of machines
or a list of departments. The chart shows when certain jobs are
scheduled to start and finish, and where to expect idle time.
Schedule Chart
There are two general approaches to scheduling: forward scheduling
and backward scheduling. Forward scheduling means scheduling
ahead from a point in time, "How long will it take to complete this
job?" ; backward scheduling means scheduling backward from a due
date, " When is the latest job can be started and still be completed by
the due date?
Input / output (I/O) control refers to monitoring the work flow and
queue length at work centres.
The purpose is to manage work flow so that queues and waiting
times are kept under control. Example :
Row operation
Column operation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Set up cost.
In process inventory.
Idle times.
Average time to complete jobs.
Average number of jobs waiting in
the queue.
6. Average time the jobs are late.
Critical ratio (CR) of less than one means that the job is
already late.
The critical value of one indicates that the job is on
schedule and greater than one indicates that the job has
some slack available to it.
The critical ratio is computed as :
Critical ratio (CR) = Time remaining for due date of the job
Time needed to complete the job
= Time remaining
Work remaining
= Tr
Tn
The lower is the critical ratio and higher is its priority.
The processing times for five jobs and their due dates a given for a
single machine scheduling below :-
Average delay
= 17
5
= 3.4 days
Average delay
= 18
5
= 3.6 days
Average delay
= 34
5
= 6.8 days
Average delay
= 18
5
= 3.6 days
SPT often performs very well, especially when trying to speed jobs through
system (minimize flow time) and minimize WIP inventories FCFS often
chosen when managers are interested in completing the project early.
Assumptions :
1) No machine can process more than one job
at a time.
2) Processing times are independent of
processing of jobs.
3) Each job once started on one machine is
continued till completion on it.
4) Time involved in moving a job from one
machine to another is negligibly small.
13
23
28
M1
M2
1
15
22
23
27
28
30
1
0 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27
Time (hrs)
1
28
29
30