Phonetics and Phonology

Group member: Anwar Radhi

Cheong Zi Hoong
Lee Li Wen
Week 4

Symbols
Each symbol or character in the IPA
chart represents one fundamental
sound of all languages.
44 phonemic symbols that represent
the 26 letters of the English
Language alphabet.

Transcription
two main types of transcription

Phone
mic

Phonetic
transcrip
tion

Phonemic

Roach (2010) has defined phonemic

transcription as a one to one
identification of every speech sound
into a phoneme and written with the
appropriate symbol.
For example, the word put is
transcribed as /pt/.

Phonetic
transcription
Broad
transcripti
on

indicates the more

noticeable phonetic
features of an
utterance or has a
little more
information than a

Narrow
transcript
ion

the transcription of
every speech sound
with more phonetic
detail, either by
using specific
symbols or by

Narrow
transcription

When symbols are used to narrowly

transcribe words phonetically, they are
placed within square brackets [ ] as the
symbols represent precise phonetic values.
For example, the word kill will be
transcribed as [k] in a narrow phonetic
transcription where allophonic details are
given. The symbol [k] indicates that it is
an allophone (variant) of the phoneme /k/
which is aspirated in initial position.

Narrow
transcription
Such allophonic details are not

required in the broad form of

phonetic transcription. For example,
the word kill can either be
transcribed as /kl/ or /kl/ (with a
stress mark) in phonemic
transcription.

Consonants
Each symbol is listed on the left of the table while a word
with letter(s) in bold representing the consonant sound and
the phonemic transcription of the word are indicated on the
right:

Symbol

Example of word

/p/

pin = /p + + n/

/b/

bay = /b + e/

/t/

to = /t + u/ or /t + /

/d/

do = /d + u/ or /d + /

/k/

key = /k + i:/

/g/

go = /g + /

/t/

cheap = /t + i: + p/

/d/

bulge = /b + + l + d /

/f/

fee = /f + i: /

/v/

veal = /v + i: + l/

Symbol

Example of word

//

thick = / + + k/

//

then = / + e + n/

//

so = /s + /

/z/

zoo = /z + u /

//

show = / + /

//

beige = /b + e + /

/h/

hi = /h + a /

/m/

map = /m + + p/

/n/

nap = /n + + p/

//

sing = /s + + /

/l/

lake = /l + e+ k/

/r/

room = /r + u + m/

/j/

yak = /j + + k/

/w/

win = /w + + n/

Vowels

Monophthon
gs
Long vowels

Short vowels

/i/=heed

//=hid

/a/=hard

//=head

//=saw

//=had

/u/=who

//=mud

//=heard

//=pod
//=hood
//=the(spoken quickly)

Vowels
Diphthon
gs
Symbol

Example of word

/e/

say

//

toy

/a/

high

//

cure

/o/

So

/a/

How

//

Here

//

hair

Vowels
Triphthon
gs
A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and
then to a third, all produced rapidly and without
interruptions (Roach, 2010).
For example:
a careful pronunciation of the word our starts with a
vowel similar to /:/ which then glides towards the
back close rounded area (as represented by the
symbol //) then ends with a mid-central vowel
(schwa, // ). our is transcribed as /a/.

Vowels
The triphthongs are composed of the 5
closing diphthongs described earlier
but they end with a schwa //.
1. /e/ + / / = /e/ as in mayor, payer
2. /a/ + / / = /a/ as in tire, dryer
3. // + / / = // as in royal, loyal
4. // + // = // as in buoyant,
follower
5. /a/ + / / = /a/ as in sour, flower

Vowel Space

Examples of Articulations of
Long Vowels

Examples of Articulations of
Short Vowels

Dipthon
gs

Consonants (plosives)

Bilabial
Articulation

Alveolar
Articulation

Velar Articulation

 All six plosives can occur at the

beginning of a word ( initial position),
between other sounds (medial
position) and at the end of a word
(final position).
Place of Articulation
Bilabial

Alveolar Velar

Voiceless p

Voiced