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Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Learning Outcomes
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
2.1 Historical Background Of Management
Explain why studying management history is important.
Describe some early evidences of management practice.
Describe two important historical events that are significant to
the study of management.
2.2 Classical Approach
Describe the important contributions made by Frederick W. Taylor
and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
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Learning Outcomes
2.2 Classical Approach (contd)
Discuss Fayols and Webers contributions to management theory.
Explain how todays managers use scientific management and
general administrative theory.
2.3 Quantitative Approach
Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of
management.
Describe total quality management.
Discuss how todays managers use the quantitative approach.
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Learning Outcomes
2.4 Behavioral Approach
Describe the contributions of the early advocates of OB.
Explain the contributions of the Hawthorne Studies to the field of
management.
Discuss how todays managers use the behavioral approach.
2.5 Contemporary Approach
Describe an organization using the systems approach.
Discuss how the systems approach helps us understand management.
Explain how the contingency approach is appropriate for studying
management.
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Learning Outcomes
2.6 Administrative Perspectives In The Early Arab Context
Discuss managerial perspectives from an Islamic perspective.
Explain which factors have impacted Arab managerial practice.
Recognize the complexity of factors impacting Arab
management thought and practice.
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Historical Background Of
Management
1. Explain why studying management history is important.
2. Describe some early evidences of management practice.
3. Describe two important historical events that are significant
to the study of management.
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2-8
Exhibit 21
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Classical
Quantitative
Behavioral
Contemporary
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Classical Approach
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Scientific Management
Fredrick Winslow Taylor
The father of scientific management
Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
Using scientific methods to define the one best way for a job to
be done:
Putting
the right person on the job with the correct tools and
equipment.
Having
Providing
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Exhibit 22
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Order. People and materials should be in the right place at the
right time.
11. Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their
subordinates.
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Exhibit 24
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Webers Bureaucracy
Quantitative Approach
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statistics
optimization models
information models
computer simulations
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1.
2.
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5.
6.
Behavioral Approach
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Contemporary Approach
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Open systems
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Exhibit 28
Organization size
As size increases, so do the problems of coordination.
Routineness of task technology
Routine technologies require organizational structures, leadership styles,
and control systems that differ from those required by customized or nonroutine technologies.
Environmental uncertainty
What works best in a stable and predictable environment may be totally
inappropriate in a rapidly changing and unpredictable environment.
Individual differences
Individuals differ in terms of their desire for growth, autonomy, tolerance
of ambiguity, and expectations.
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Administrative Perspectives
In The Early Arab Context
1. Discuss managerial perspectives from an Islamic
perspective.
2. Explain which factors have impacted Arab managerial
practice.
3. Recognize the complexity of factors impacting Arab
management thought and practice.
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Tribal life and work within the Bedouin environment emphasized the
role of endurance, generosity, and communal cohesion, but
this did not necessitate any type of advanced managerial thinking.
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With the advent of Islam in the year 622 C.E., attitudes towards
certain professions were drastically changed.
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Reasons?
Other cultural, political, and historical influences are also
present.
Sometimes actual administrative practices diverge from what is
recommended.
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Exhibit 29
Source: Adapted from Ali, A. & Al-Owaihan, A. Islamic Work Ethic, a critical review, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 15 No. 1,
2008, pp. 519.
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Terms to Know
division of labor (or job
specialization)
quantitative approach
Industrial Revolution
Hawthorne Studies
scientific management
system
therbligs
closed systems
open systems
principles of management
contingency approach
bureaucracy
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