Decision Maths

Graphs

Graphs

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A graph is just a diagram made up of dots

and lines. These are all graphs.

The dots are called nodes or vertices

(singular is vertex)
The lines are called edges or arcs

Definitions 1

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An edge with the

same vertex at each
end is called a loop.

The degree or order of a vertex is the number of

edges incident on it.

Question For any graph the total of the orders of its
verticies is even, why?
A simple graph is one in which there are no loops,
and in which there is no more than one edge
connecting any pair of vertices.

Definitions 3
A walk is a sequence of

edges in which the end

of one edge (except the
last) is the beginning of
the next.

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A trail is a walk in which

no edge is repeated.

Definitions 4

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A path is a trail in which no vertex is repeated.

A graph is connected if there exists a path

between every pair of vertices.

Definitions 5

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A cycle is a closed path if the end of the last

edge is the start of the first.

A Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle which visits

every vertex once and only once.

Definitions 6

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A tree is a simple connected graph with no

cycles.

A tree

Not trees

Definitions 7

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A Digraph (Directed Graph) is a graph in

which at least one edge has a direction

associated with it.
A complete graph is a simple graph in which

every pair of vertices is connected by an

edge.

Definitions 8

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An incidence matrix is a way of representing the

number of edges between nodes in a matrix. The

graph below is represented by the matrix next to it.

Definitions 9

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Two graphs are Isomorphic if one can be stretched, twisted or

otherwise distorted into the other.

Which two graphs below are Isomorphic?

If two graphs are isomorphic then the labels on them must

correspond to each other.

Definitions 10

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A planar graph is one which can be drawn without

any edges crossing.

Which graph(s) below is Planar?

Draw two examples of Planar graphs.

Definitions 11

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A bipartite graph is one in which the vertices

fall into two sets and in which each edge has

a vertex from one set at one end and from the
other set at its other end.

Question 1

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X = { 2,3,4,5,6}

Draw a graph to represent the relationship

share a common factor other than 1

Question 2

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X = { London, Oxford, Birmingham, Cambridge, Leicester}

Let X x X be the set of all possible pairs from the set X.

(there exists a road between the two towns)

XxX=
{
(London, Oxford)
(London, Birmingham)
(London, Cambridge)
(London, Leicester)
(Oxford, London)
(Oxford, Birmingham)
(Birmingham, London)
(Birmingham, Oxford)
(Birmingham, Leicester) (Cambridge, London)
(Leicester, London)
(Leicester, Birmingham) }
Draw a graph to show the set X x X.

Question 2

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Question 3
Ex 2A q13 pg 54
Each node represents a section of land.

And each arc is the route over the bridges.

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Eulerian

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A graph is called Eulerian or traversable if each can

be traced once and only once, without lifting pencil

from paper.
A graph is traversable if it has no odd vertices or just
two odd vertices.
Prove that the graph below is traversable.