If you have a rupee and I have 1; and we exchange =

both will have rupee either.

But if you have 1 thought and you have 1 thought

and we exchange = we will have 2 thoughts each.

Biomedical Information
Retrieval / literature search

Dr. Ganesh Divekar

(M.B.B.S., M.B.A.)

Medical advisor clinical research

Sun Pharma Advanced Research Co.
Ltd.

Disclaimer:
Any views or opinions presented in this presentation
are solely those of the author and do not necessarily
represent those of the company.

Second disclaimer.

True?????
Man is known by the company he keeps.
An academician / clinician is respected in
accordance with number of publications he/she has
or per research work he/she has conducted.

Other cases:
19 year old girl with swelling on face post slap.
Adverse event reporting not as per CTCAE.

Gone are the days:

Few Things which will help:

Emails and web ids are not case sensetive

Emails are for others to remember

Freeware and Shareware

Free access and Open access

Semantic web

HON code

Free Access And Open Access:

What does mean by "open access"?

"'open access' to the literature means its free availability on the public
internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print,
search, or link to the full texts of these articles, pass them as data to
software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial,
legal, or technical barriers.

Copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the

integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and
cited."

Semantic Web:

The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in

which web content can not only be expressed in natural language, but
also in a form that can be understood, interpreted and used by
software agents, thus permitting them to find, share and integrate
information more easily.

It derives from web founder Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the Web as a

universal medium for data, information, and knowledge exchange.

HON Code:

HON's mission is to guide lay persons or non-medical users and

medical practitioners to useful and reliable online medical and health information.
HON provides leadership in setting ethical standards for Web site developers.
The Health On the Net Foundation (HON), created in 1995, is a NonGovernmental Organization

Literature review:

systematic

evaluating

and

method

for

interpreting

identifying,
the

work

produced by researchers, scholars and

practitioners.
FINK, A., 1998. Conducting literature research reviews: from paper to the internet. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage., p.3.

Why review the literature?

without it you will not acquire an
understanding of your topic, of what has
already been done on it, how it has been
researched, and what the key issues are.
HART, E., 1998. Doing a literature review: releasing the social science research
imagination, by E. Hart and M. Bond. London: Sage., p.1.

A good literature review

Goes beyond simply listing relevant literature
Is a critical essay
Assesses the range of literature available
Is a critical summary of the literature
Examines the background against which your own research is
set
Forms a significant section of your dissertation

Doctors

Importance of problem statement

Correct problem statement + best solution =
best solution to correct problem.
Incorrect problem statement + best solution
= best solution to incorrect problem.

Clinical research, SPARC

16

Dimensions of research

Work done in past (what),

How (safety and efficacy analysis),
When (in recent times??),
Why (requirement),
By whom?

Relationship Of Review Of Literature To

Theory, Research, Education And Practice
Research

Review of
Literature
Educatio
n

Practice

Theory

Purposes of Literature Review

1.
2.
3.
4.

Determines what is known about a subject, concept or

problem
Determines gaps, consistencies & inconsistencies about a
subject, concept or problem
Discovers unanswered questions about a subject, concept
or problem
Describes strengths & weaknesses of designs, methods of
inquiry and instruments used in earlier works

Purposes of Literature Review

5.
6.
7.
8.

Discovers conceptual traditions used to examine problems

Generates useful research questions or projects/activities
for the discipline
Promotes development of protocols & policies related to
nursing practice
Uncovers a new practice intervention, or gains support for
changing a practice intervention

Steps of Searching the Literature

Determine concept/issue/topic/problem
Conduct computer (and/or hand) search
Weed out irrelevant sources before
printing
Organize sources from printout for
retrieval
Retrieve relevant sources
Conduct preliminary reading and weed out irrelevant
sources
Critically read each source (summarize & critique each
source)

Synthesize critical summaries

Search:

Pubmed:

Provides information regarding:

Biomedical Journal database

MeSH database

Single citation matcher

Pubmed central

Pubmed: Search Strategy Tips

The Search strategy is a plan that helps you look for the information
you need.

Identify the key concepts (Keywords)

Determine alternative terms for these concepts, if needed

Refine your search to dates, age groups, language, etc., as

appropriate

Practice helps. Strategies and styles will differ according to personal

choice and professional discipline.

Boolean Operators:

LOGICAL OPERATORS

Used to combine two or more Mesh terms and

These are AND, OR, NOT

All the Boolean operators must be used in upper case

Boolean Operators:

AND = Narrow

OR = Expand

NOT = Exclude

Tags:

To search by an author's name, enter the name in the format of last

name plus initials (no punctuation), e.g.smith ja, jones k.

To search for an author in the author field when only the last name is
available, qualify the author name with the author search field tag [au],
e.g., smith[au].

Use double quotes around the author's name with the author search
field tag [au] to turn off the automatic truncation, e.g., "smith j" [au].

Tags:

To search the word in title use the search tag [ti] after the word

e.g. anemia[ti]

To search by journal title either you enter journal titles in full

e.g., molecular biology of the cell;

Dates entered using the format year [date field],
e.g., 1998 [dp]

To enter a date range, insert a colon (:) between each date,

e.g., 1993:1995 [dp]

Tags:

dna [mh] AND crick [au] AND 1993 [dp]

(heat OR humidity) AND multiple sclerosis

asthma/therapy [mh] AND review [pt] AND child, preschool [mh] AND
english [la]

arthritis NOT letter [pt]

Truncation:

Finding all terms that begin with a given text string

PubMed searches for the first 150 variations of a truncated term.

Asterisk: Extends the search to all terms that start with the letters
before the asterisk. For example, dia* will include such terms as
diaphragm, dial, and diameter.

A search by subject:

mitochondrion evolution

A search by authors:

Esser [au] AND martin [au]

Paradigms of Medicine
Expert Based

Evidence Based

Pathophysiological
reasoning

Clinical Studies

Personal observation

Best evidence available

Expert based guidelines

Evidence based
guidelines

EBM Question

Patients: Acute Pulmonary Edema

Intervention: ACE Inhibitor
Comparison: Placebo
Outcome:

Mortality
Intubation
Hemodynamic parameters
ICU/CCU admission

Background versus foreground information

Case discussion: 27 year old woman with right lower
quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain
Background information available from textbooks What typically presents as RLQ pain
What is the clinical course of the different diagnoses
Specifically, what is typical presentation of
appendicitis

Foreground information
How good is a CT scan for appendicitis?

Finding the Evidence

Steps of EBM-5 As

Ask
Acquire
Appraise
Apply
Assess

Core of EBP

Supposing is good
but finding out
is better.
Mark Twain

MEDLINEPlus
Information on over 650 diseases and
conditions
Medical encyclopedia and dictionary
Information on prescription and nonprescription
drugs
Links to ClinicalTrials.gov
Links to news
Sponsored by the NIH no ads

www.medlineplus.gov

The MEDLINEPlus Homepage

Prescribing information:
Dailymed.com

ClinicalTrials.gov
Information about federally funded and
private human clinical trials
Includes the trials

Purpose
Locations
Participant requirements
Phone number

ClinicalTrials.gov Homepage

NIC:

IndMED

MedIND

OpenMED

Union Catalogue of Biomedical Periodicals

IndMED :

Database designed to provide quick and easy access to Indian

literature.

IndMED bibliographic database of 77 peer reviewed Indian biomedical

journals

Free access from IMC site http://indmed.nic.in

Include non-MEDLINE journals

Simple & Advanced mode of searching available

Keyword(s) & free-text search

medIND:

MedIND - resource of peer reviewed Indian biomedical literature

covering full text of IndMED journals.

Designed to provide quick and easy access through searching or

browsing.

Free access from http://medind.nic.in

Covers full-text of select IndMED journals

OpenMED:

OpenMED - open access international archive for Medical and Allied

Sciences.

Authors / owners can self-archive their scientific and technical

documents.

For this they need to register once in order to obtain a user id in

OpenMED system.

Union Catalogue of Biomedical Periodicals:

Union Catalogue of Biomedical Periodicals holdings data of over

180 biomedical libraries in the country

Free access from http://uncat.nic.in

Search by Journal name(s) / detail(s) or library name(s) / detail(s)

Google Scholar and RSS:

This is to get updates about new additions to any of the website which
is RSS enabled in headlines format.

Google Scholar
Google Scholar provides a simple way to
search for scholarly literature. Search across
many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed
papers, theses, books, abstracts and
articles, from academic publishers,
professional societies, preprint repositories,
universities and other scholarly
organizations.

Google Scholar
Works best for Citations
Restrictions to Content
Fee-based
Often your Library already owns material
Were working on improving access

Google Scholar
http://www.scholar.google.com/

76

What is Google Scholar?

Enables you to search specifically for scholarly

literature, including peer-reviewed papers,
theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical
reports from all broad areas of research.

77

Google Scholar
orders your
search results by
how relevant they
are to your query,
so the most
useful references
should appear at
the top of the
page

This relevance
ranking takes into
account the: full
text of each article.
the article's author,
the publication in
which the article
appeared and how
often it has been
cited in scholarly
literature.

78

79

Google Book Search

80

81

Google
Images
Alerts
Groups

How many databases to search:

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Law of Diminishing Returns

No of
Relevan
t
Referen
ces
retrieve
d

When do we reach this

point?
How do we best spend
our time after reaching
this point?
No of Hours spent
Searching

Retrieval Depends Upon:

Topic/Subtopic
Indexing
Functionality of the Search Engine
Searcher
Resource Constraints: Time, Cost, Personpower
Time Period Covered (Improvements in
Indexing/Coverage)
Purpose (cp. quality studies for SRs versus references)
State of Information Retrieval Awareness/Knowledge

Towards a TriplePlus Protocol

Triple: Three key subject databases
Plus
Follow up of references (and verify in MEDLINE)
Plus
Specialist databases for certain types of literature (e.g.
CCTR for Trials; CINAHL, Index to Theses for theses)
Plus
Supplementary searching (Related Articles, Citation
searching, Web searching etc)

Phunsukh Wangadu

10/14/2012

BE studies with oncology

87

Learning by doing.