HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS

LEAF EXTRACT AS
COAGULANT AID
IN REACTIVE ORANGE 16
REMOVAL FROM
AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

19th december 2014

Presented by:
Siti raudhah binti ahmad

introduction

 The development of Malaysias textiles and

apparel industry taking place in the early 1970s
There are approximately 100 000 different dyes
are used industrially and over 0.7 million tonnes
of synthetic dyes are produced
Dyes: organic compounds that can bright and
lasting colour to other substances
Structural diversity of dyes is attributed to the
presence of different chromaphoric groups

 The textile industries daily discharge million liters

of untreated effluents in the form of wastewater
that eventually will flow into rivers.
Removing dyes from wastewater can be done via
several methods which are chemical, physical and
biological methods
Coagulation/flocculation: methods in wastewater
treatment that occurs in successive steps
Involves the addition of chemicals to change the
physical state of dissolved solid and ease their
removal by sedimentation.

Problem
statement

 Environmental affects that caused by dyes in

wastewater
Discharged of dyes into the water
environment can cause the change of colour
of the water, aesthetically unpleasant and
interferes with light penetration that will
reduce photosynthetic action.
Dyes released and their breakdown products
are toxic, carcinogenic or mutagenic to
aquatic life

 The usage of chemical coagulants would

cause environmental consequences.
The production of large volumes of metal
hydroxide (toxic) sludge will create disposal
problem.
Increase in metal such as aluminium
concentration in the treated water may have
implications to human health.

objectives
To extract a coagulant aid
from the leaves of Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis and identify its
chemical characteristics by
using Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectrometry.
To study and examine the efficiency of
coagulation-flocculation processes for the
removal of Reactive Orange 16 from
aqueous solution by using alum and
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf extract (HBaqs)
based on the effect of pH and
concentration of HBaqs.

Literature
review

 El-Gohary and Tawfik (2009): using alum as

coagulant decolourization of disperse and
reactive dyes wastewater
Shuang
et
al.,
(2013):
Enteromorpha
polysaccharides as a new-style coagulant aid in
dye wastewater treatment.

Wu et al., (2013): coagulation performance and

floc characteristics of aluminium sulphate using
sodium alginate as coagulant aid for synthetic
dying wastewater treatment.

Mishra and Bajpai (2006):the flocculation

performance of Tamarindus mucilage in relation
to remove vat and direct dyes.

 Environmental friendly flocculants: simple and

economically viable process, exhibits high removal
efficiencies and considerably denser flocs - as a
promising material in real application from the
perspective of both performance and cost.
Synthetic polymeric flocculants or chemical polymer:
non-biodegradability
and
unfriendly
to
the
environment.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves is a non-toxic and low
cost green plant
It is worth trying to use it as a coagulant aid to treat
reactive dyes.

Scope of
study

 Extraction of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves is

done by using drying process.
HBaqs will be characterized by using FTIR

Coagulation/flocculation process for the

removal of RO16 dye will be carried out using
the jar test method.
Determine the optimum pH range as well as
the coagulant aid dosages.
Final concentration of the solution will be
analysed using UV-vis spectrophotometer in
terms of colour removal.

methodologies

1. Preparation of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf

extract (HBaqs)
1. mixture will be blended by using a
blender
2. the suspension will be filtered
3. Dried in an oven at 105 C for 48 h
4. Filtrate stock solutions will be stirred 30
minutes
5. Pure concentration, M1, of the dissolved
filtrate stock solution, HBaqs will be
calculated

2. Preparation of dye solutions

-100 mg/L dye will prepared
3. Calibration curve
-20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L will be
prepared
4. Preparation of alum as coagulant
-400 mg/L alum

5. Materials characterization: FTIR Spectroscopy

6. Jar test method
-150 mL of RO16, dye concentration is 100
mg/L and 25 mg/L of alum will be added into each
beaker
-1.0 M of NaOH or 0.1M of H2SO4: to
adjust the pH
-stirr at 200 rpm about 30 minutes

7. Effect of pH
pH value of the solution will be varies 3, 5, 7,
9, 10 and 11.

8. Effect of coagulant aid dosages

i. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L of HBaqs
add into five beakers after the rapid
mixing
ii. One beaker is left as control.
iii. pH of the solution maintain at pH 6.
iv. Stir at 30 rpm for 20 minutes
v. Allowed to settle and sediment for 45 min
vi. Samples: withdrawn from 20 mm below
the water surface

9. Uv-vis measurements: the colour removal and final

concentration of the solution will be analysed
using UV-Vis spectrometers.

conclusion