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STATISTICS
Statistics is the field of study which concerns itself
with the art and science of data analysis:
Planning, collecting, organizing, analyzing,
interpreting, summarizing and presenting the data
Statistics, when used in the plural form, refers to
the specific bits of data which either have been or
are about to be gathered.
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STATISTICS
Foreign Language:
Special meaning for words like mean, regression,
normal, confidence, correlation, population,
discrete, conditional, union, posterior, hypothesis
etc., etc., etc.
Logic related to statistics more than math. (H.S.
Algebra) computers
* Complex and demanding subject area
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INTRODUCTION TO
BIOSTATISTICS
Biostatistics:
The mathematics of collection, organization
and interpretation of numeric data having to
do with living organisms.
Techniques to manage data:
Descriptive
Inferential
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INTRODUCTION TO
BIOSTATISTICS
Uses for data: (To name a few)
Designing a health care program or facility
Evaluating the effectiveness of an ongoing
program
Determining needs of a specific population
Evaluating the accuracy of a journal article
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
The scientific study of factors that
influence the frequency and
distribution of disease in a
population.
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METHODS OF MEASURING
ORAL DISEASE
Counts:
A simple number of cases of occurrence
Useful when there is a low prevalence
e.g. 12 cases of oral cancer
Proportions:
A count can be turned into a proportion by adding a
denominator thus determining prevalence
e.g. 12 cases in a population of 1,500 students
Does not include a time dimension thus includes new
cases as well as longstanding ones
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METHODS OF MEASURING
ORAL DISEASE
Rates:
A proportion that uses a standardized denominator
and includes a time dimension
METHODS OF MEASURING
ORAL DISEASE
Mortality Rate:
Case Rate:
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INDEXES (INDICES)
An index is a measure of quantification of
epidemiological data
A numerical value on a graduated scale
Scores correspond to specific criteria
Have definite upper and lower limits
Examples:
DMFTs caries activity best known
irreversible
RCI root caries - irreversible
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INDEXES (INDICES)
GBI Gingival Bleeding reversible
CPITN Community Periodontal Index of
Treatment Needs
DFI Dental Fluorosis
Note:
No generic, all purpose scale
Depends on the reason for using that measure,
how to handle it reliably and what you want to
demonstrate
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Each tooth must have a score but only one (DMF or sound)
Recurrent caries = decayed (D)
Missing teeth = extracted or due to be extracted due to caries
Teeth not deemed as missing = unerupted, congenitally absent,
accidentally lost or extracted for ortho. Purpose
Third molars not scored
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15
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DATA MANAGEMENT
Grouping data to make it easier to understand.
Descriptive Technique:
Used to describe and summarize a set of
numerical data
Tabular and graphical methods
Apply to generalizations made about the
group studied
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19
25
26
30
28
33
35
38
30
39
41
44
44
49
38
31
41
42
33
36
41
38
40
46
= Raw Data
Array:
19, 25, 26, 28, 30, 30, 31, 33, 33, 35, 36, 38,
38, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41, 41, 42, 44, 44, 46, 49 / 50 total
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19
20
Score
50
49
48
47
46
45
F
1
Score
40
39
38
37
36
35
F
1
1
3
1
1
Score
30
29
28
27
26
25
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F
2
1
1
1
21
Scores
Grouped
Cumulative
16-20
21-25
15
22
24
22
Scores
Grouped
Cumulative
16-20
21-25
15
22
24
23
Histograms
Polygons most frequently used
Bar graphs
Pie charts
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25
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GRAPHING TECHNIQUES
Descriptive data in pictorial fashion as a graph
Y Axis (Ordinate) = vertical axis
Represents frequency of occurrence
Represents score value
X Axis (Abscissa) = horizontal axis
Represents scale of measurement of the
characteristic of the sample
Indicates the variable or group studied
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FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM
See course supplement page 8.
A histogram is a graphical method for
variate (quantitative characteristic)
data. Note that there is no space between
the vertical bars.
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FREQUENCY POLYGON
See course supplement page 9.
A line graph created by joining the
frequency / scale value coordinate points
for each value in the scale represented.
Used for variate data.
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BAR GRAPH
See course supplement page 10.
2-dimensional pictorial display of
attribute data that are discrete in nature
Bars do not touch
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
Term in statistics that describes where the data
set is located.
Measures of Central Tendency
Used to describe what is typical in the sample
group based on the data gathered.
Three Main Indicators:
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mean = arithmetic average of scores
Mean symbol is ( x )
Scores are all added then divided by the
number of scores.
The most common measure:
Data set {3, 7, 9, 4, 9, 16} = 48 / 6 = 8
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
Median:
Is the point that divides the distribution of scores into 2
equal parts 50 / 50
With odd set of numbers, median is the datum in the
middle:
i.e.: {3, 7, 2, 5, 9} rearranged to {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
median = 5
With even set of numbers, median is the average of the
two middle values:
i.e.: {4, 7, 1, 3, 8, 2} rearranged to {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8}
3 + 4 = 7 / 2 median = 3.5
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mode:
Is the most frequently occurring score in a
distribution:
i.e.: {4, 3, 4, 9, 7, 2} mode = 4
i.e.: {3, 8, 4, 2, 4, 9, 7, 4, 9, 1, 9}
bimodal data set 4 and 9
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QUESTIONS
Determine the mode, mean and median for:
1. Survival time, in months, for 10 patients
following a new cancer treatment:
24, 8, 12, 3, 20, 18, 24, 19, 27, 25
2. Salaries of 7 dental hygienists and 2 dentists
in a productive office:
88,500 36,500
28,300
80,000 34,000
28,300
41,000 32,000
28,300
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