Dr Sofyan Sp.

THT

Respiratory tract
Nose
Pharynx
upper respiratory
tract
Larynx
Trachea
lower respiratory
tract
Bronchi
Lungs-paired organs of
respiration
Function: supply the body with
oxygen and to get rid of
excess carbon dioxide resulting
from cell metabolism

Nose

External nose
Nasal Septum
Cartilage
Bone

Nasal cavity
Functions
Passageway for air
Cleans the air
Humidifies, warms air
Smell
Along with paranasal
sinuses are resonating
chambers for speech

Pharynx
Common opening
for digestive and
respiratory
systems
Three regions

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

External nose:

Root of nose

Back of nose

Apex of nose

Alae of nasi
Nasal cavity divided
into two halves by
Nasal septum

Two parts:

Divided by limen nasi

Nasal vestibule
Proper nasal cavity

Boundaries

Roof cribriform plate of

ethmoid
Floor hard palate
Medial wall nasal septum
Lateral wall

Nasal conchae: superior,

middle and inferior
Nasal meatus: superor,
middle and inferior
Sphenoethmoidal recess

Remove the middle nasal conchae

Semilunar hiatus

Ethmoidal infundibulum

Ethmoidal bulla

Mucous membrane of nose

Olfactory region : located upper nasal cavity, above

superior nasal conchae contains olfactory cells
Respiratory region : its function is to warm,
moisten, and clean the inspired air

Name of sinus

Site of drainage

Frontal sinus

Middle meatus via infundibulum

Maxillary sinus

Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus

Sphenoid sinus

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Ethmoidal sinuses
anterior group
posterior group

Middle meatus
Superior nasal meatus

Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses

Maxillary sinus

Sphenoid sinus

Position situated
in the anterior part
of the neck (below
the hyoid bone),
and extends from
vertebral level of
C4 to C6

Nose
Pharynx / tonsil
Larynx

Anatomi dan histologi hidung bag.

Dalam
Fisiologi hidung
Mikroorganisme penyebab R.Ak
Faktor predisposisi R. Ak.

Hidung
Tampak depan
konka

septum

meatus

konka

Cavum
nasi

ddg lateral

Cavum
nasi
konka

BATAS

LATERAL
MEDIAL
ANTERIOR

ATAP

DASAR

POSTERIOR

Respirasi
Proteksi
Pembau

Virus
rhino-v, adeno-v
Bakteri
- Strepto, pneumo, staph.Coccus
- H. Infl.

Manifes. Rin. simpl.

Reaksi sekunder iritasi lokal/

trauma

Anamnesis R.Ak
Pemeriksaan R Ak

Gangguan pendengaran

Pengobatan simptomatis
Pengobatan tetes hidung

Faktor yg memudahkan
komplikasi/infeksi sekunder

Komplikasi

Pengobatan kausa dan simptom

Rujukan sesuai kelainan

Apa yang perlu dilakukan untuk

mencegah R. Ak.. ?

NF

OF
HP/LF

AAO-HNS
published
guidelines in
1995 Clinical
Indicators
Compendium
Tonsillar
disease
refractory to
medical
therapy

3/+ infections/year
Hypertrophy

Dental malocclusion
Orofacial growth affected
Upper airway obstruction
Dysphagia
Sleep disorders
Cardiopulmonary complications

Peritonsillar abscess
Halitosis due to chronic tonsillitis
Chronic/recurrent tonsillitis with
Strep carrier state
Unilateral hypertrophy,
presumed neoplasm

American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: 1995 Clinical indicators

compendium, Alexandria, Virginia, 1995, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery

Paradise et al, 1984

Parallel randomized and

non-randomized clinical
trials to evaluate the
efficacy of tonsillectomy in
the pediatric population
with recurrent pharyngitis

Paradise et al

Criteria
7/+ episodes in last 1 year
5/+ episodes in last 2 years
3/+ episodes in last 3 years

Clinical features of each episode

Fever
Lymphadenopathy
Tonsillar/pharyngeal exudate
Positive -hemolytic streptococcus test
Medically treated

Paradise et al

Paradise conclusions

Tonsillectomy was efficacious for 2 years and

possibly a third in reducing frequency and
severity of subsequent episodes

Paradise criteria adopted by many

otolaryngologists

Ketrampilan yang dibutuhkan

seorang dokter untuk
melakukan pemeriksaan /
pengambilan data agar tepat
dalam men DIAGNOSIS
PADA KASUS PENYAKIT
BLOK RESPIRASI - THT

Assessment of the Nose and Sinuses

Assessment of the pharynx, trachea, and larynx.
Neck examination