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Regulatory Codes and Standards
Regulatory Codes and Standards
STANDARDS
BY
ENGR. BOLA ODUBIYI
AT THE NERC/NARUC MEETING JULY 17, 2008
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
COMMISSIONS MANDATE
THE NETWORK CODES
THE GRID CODE
MANAGING THE GRID
CONNECTION TO THE GRID
TRANSMISSION STANDARDS
GENERATION STANDARDS
ANCILLARY SERVICES
CONCLUSION
TRANSMISSION STANDARDS
TRANSMISSION STANDARDS
The system busbar voltage shall be
controlled to be within the limits prescribed
in the table below:
Voltage Level
Minimum Voltage
kV (pu)
Minimum Voltage
kV (pu)
330 kV
313.5 (0.95)
346.5 (1.05)
132 kV
118.8 (0.9)
145.0 (1.098)
33 kV
31 (0.95)
34.98 (1.06)
11 kV
10.45 (0.95)
11.55 (1.05)
TRANSMISSION STANDARDS
Under system stress or following system faults, voltages
can be expected to deviate outside the limits by a further
5% (excluding transient and sub-transient
disturbances);
The insulation level of all apparatus on the network must
be coordinated to take account of transient overvoltages.
Unless otherwise agreed by the System Operator, the
Basic Insulation Value (BIV) for User apparatus shall be
as follows:
a. For the 330 kV system, the BIV is 1300 kV.
b. For the 132 kV system, the BIV is 650 kV.
TRANSMISSION STANDARDS
Users are required to minimise the occurrence of Voltage
Flicker on the transmission system as measured at the
Users connection point. The Flicker Severity at the
connection point of any User, shall not be above the
maximum values stated in IEC 61000-3 Standard for
more than 3% of the period. The maximum emission
limits produced by any User shall be below the maximum
values stated in IEC 61000-3 Standard.
In cases where, in the reasonable opinion of the System
Operator, variations in generation or demand constitute a
risk to the transmission system operation, strict
conformity with IEC 61000-3-7 flicker curve will be
required.
TRANSMISSION STANDARDS
The maximum total levels of harmonic distortion on the
System under normal operation conditions, planned
outages and fault outage conditions (unless during
system stress) shall not exceed the following values:
(a) 330 kV a Total Harmonic Distortion of 1.5% with no
individual harmonic greater than 1%;
(b) 132 kV a Total Harmonic Distortion of 2% with no
individual harmonic grater than 1.5%.
Under Normal Operation, the maximum negative phase
sequence component of the phase voltage of the
Transmission System should remain below 1%;
Under planned outage conditions, infrequent short
duration peaks with a maximum value of 2% are
permitted for phase unbalance.
GENERATION STANDARDS
GENERATION STANDARDS
A generating unit having a synchronous alternator must
be capable of start-up, synchronize and pick up load:
(i) From cold, within 10 hours;
(ii) From warm, within 6 hours;
(iii) From hot within 3 hours.
A steam-turbine or gas-turbine generating unit which has
been synchronized must be capable of ramping up
pursuant to a Dispatch instruction at a rate of at least 3%
of the Generator Registered Capacity (GCR) per minute.
A steam-turbine or gas-turbine generating unit must be
capable of de-loading at a rate of at least 3% GCR per
minute.
GENERATION STANDARDS
GENERATION STANDARDS
A continuous automatic voltage regulator (AVR) acting on
the excitation system is required to provide constant
terminal to provide constant terminal voltage of the
generating unit without instability over the entire operating
range of the generating unit. Control performance of the
voltage control loop shall be such that under isolated
operating conditions the damping coefficient shall be
above 2.5 for the entire operating range.
The AVR shall have no negative impact on generator
oscillation damping. If required the appropriate power
system stabilizer shall be provided. Control principle,
parameter setting and switch on/off logic shall be
coordinated with the System Operator and specified in
the Connection Agreement.
GENERATION STANDARDS
ANCILLARY SERVICES
In order to operate the transmission
system efficiently, reliably and securely the
System Operator has to contract for some
ancillary services such as:
Frequency control;
Voltage control; and
Black Start.
CONCLUSION
This Presentation has sought to expose
the listeners to basic operations of the
National Grid; and the Standards
applicable to the transmission and
generation systems.
THANK YOU