What are scientific skills?

Skills associated with the

process of investigation in
science.
Includes the science process
skills and manipulative skills.

What are the Malaysian science

process skills? (Basic & Integrated)
Observing
Classifying
Measuring and using numbers
Inferring
Predicting
Communicating
Using time-space relationships
Interpreting data
Defining operationally
Controlling variables
Hypothesising
Experimenting

Help
Helpsheets
sheets

Intervention
Intervention

lessons
lessons

How
Howto
to
develop
develop
process
processskills?
skills?

Teacher
Teacher
demonstration
demonstration
sswith
with
enabling
enabling
questions
questions

Planning
Planningand
and
doing
doingthe
the
investigations/
investigations/
experiments
experiments
themselves.
themselves.

Steps to be a good experimenter

Getting started
Planning and
designing

Carrying out

Processing, Analysing,
and Interpreting

Evaluation

Communicating

MAKING INFERENCES

You are making inferences

when you are .

1. Using information from observations

to make reasonable early conclusions.

2. Making various possible interpretations

from single observation.

3. Able to identify the limitations of

inferences.

4. Testing the accuracy of inferences

through additional observations.

4. Testing the accuracy of inferences

through additional observations.

5. Using inferences as a tool to determine

the appropriate additional
observations.

Why do we need to infer?

1. To plan actions or to make a
choice.
2. To analyse the cause and effect of
decisions

How do we infer?
Observe the situations or circumstances.
State the reason why the situation or
circumstances happens .
Give reasons to your statement(s).
Check if the reasons given are based on
opinions or observations from the situations.
If based on opinions, state why.

What is meant by making

inferences?
Making inferences is a process of
making early conclusions by relating
previous experiences with immediate
observations.

Integrated Science Process Skill

USING SPACE AND

TIME
RELATIONSHIPS

Description of physical
environment including:
shapes, time, direction
and spatial
arrangement, motion
and speed.

Integrated Science Process Skill

Which shape has two lines or
axes of symmetry?

Integrated Science Process Skill

How long does

it take you to
count to 25,
counting as fast
as you can?

Integrated Science Process Skill

What is the
frequency of
the traffic?

Integrated Science Process Skill

Roll a ball across

the floor to a wall.
How fast can you
roll it? How slow can
you roll it ?

Integrated Science Process Skill

You are sitting in a boat
sailing along at 10 km/h.
You are facing in the
same direction as the
boat is moving. Are you
moving? Are you moving
with respect to the boat?

Integrated Science Process Skill

Measure and
compare the
distances taken by 2
objects in a fixed unit
of time

Integrated Science Process Skill

USING SPACE AND TIME
RELATIONSHIPS:

Identify changes in
form or with the
passing of time

Integrated Science Process Skill

DEFINING
OPERATIONALLY

Integrated Science Process Skill

Define:
A term
A concept
Variables
Based on experience

Integrated Science Process Skill

Example:
Define an insect
An insect has 3
pairs of legs

Integrated Science Process Skill

Interpreting by
describing what is
DONE and
OBSERVED

Integrated Science Process Skill

How was each variable operationally
defined?
Amount of exercise was measured by
counting the number of kilometers a
person rode
Pulse rate was measured by counting
the number of heartbeats felt at the
wrist following exercise.

Integrated Science Process Skill

Alternatively
Amount of exercise - number of
kneebends each student did
Amount of exercise having the
students run in place for designated
periods of time.

Integrated Science Process Skill

Interpreting Data (Mentafsir
Maklumat)
A process of giving rational
explanations about objects, events or
patterns from informations

Integrated Science Process Skill

1.
2.
3.
4.

Data or informations collected are in

various forms
Pictures
Tables
Graphs
Charts

Integrated Science Process Skill

MAKING
HYPOTHESES
Hypotheses are
predictions about the
relationship between
variables

Integrated Science Process Skill

When do you construct
hypothesis?
Before any investigation or
experiment is conducted
The hypothesis provides
guidance to an investigation
about what data to collect

Integrated Science Process Skill

Problem: What factors determine the
rate at which an object falls through
air
Possible variables:
Volume of object
Surface area of object
Length of fall
Weight of object

Integrated Science Process Skill

CONTROLLING
VARIABLES

Integrated Science Process Skill

Example:
The time it takes to run a kilometer
depends on the amount of exercise a
person gets.
Variables: time to run a kilometer
amount of exercise

Integrated Science Process Skill

A variable is something that can
vary or change
Manipulated variable
Responding variable
Constant/fixed variable

Integrated Science Process Skill

EXPERIMENTING
Planning experiments to test
hypotheses using the following
procedure:
Identify the problem
Identify the variables involved and
select
those to manipulate and those to hold
constant
Formulating hypotheses
Experimenting

Integrated Science Process Skill

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