1 What are motors

2 Principle of operation and comparison

to synchronous motors
3 Formulas
4 Construction
5 Speed control
6 Starting of induction motor
7 Types of starters

An electric motor is an electromechanical

device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy. The mechanical
energy can be used to perform work
such as rotating a pump impeller, fan,
blower, driving a compressor, lifting
materials etc.

Advantages:
Simple design
Inexpensive
High power to weight ratio
Easy to maintain
Direct connection to AC power source

An induction motor works on

transforming action. The stator works
as the primary while the rotor works as
the secondary. It is also called
asynchronous motor.
It consists of two parts: 1. Stator - It is
the stationary part of the motor. 2. Rotor It is the rotating part of the motor.

Stator has three main parts:

Outer Frame It is the outer body of the
of the motor. It protects the inner part of
the machine. Stator Core Built up of
high grade silicon steel. Carries the
alternating magnetic field. Stator winding
Has a three phase winding.

The basic difference between an induction

motor and a synchronous AC motor is that
in the latter a currentis supplied onto the
rotor. This then creates amagnetic field
which, through magnetic interaction,links
to the rotating magnetic field in the
statorwhich in turn causes the rotor to
turn. It is calledsynchronous because at
steady state the speed of therotor is the
same as the speed of the
rotatingmagnetic field in the stator.

A 3 phase induction motor derives its

name from the fact that the rotor current
is induced by the magnetic field, instead
of electrical connections.
The operating principle of a 3 phase
induction motor is based on the
production of r.m.f.

According to Faradays law an emf induced in any

circuit is due to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the
rotor winding in an induction motor are either
closed through an external resistance or directly
shorted by end ring, and cut the stator rotating
magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor
copper bar and due to this emf a current flows
through the rotor conductor.

Here the relative velocity between the rotating

flux and static rotor conductor is the cause of
current generation; hence as per Lenzs law the
rotor will rotate in the same direction to reduce
the cause i.e. the relative velocity.

In a three phase induction motor, the induced emf in

the rotorcircuit depends on the slip of the induction
motor and themagnitude of the rotor current depends
upon this induced emf(electromotive force). When the
motor is started, the slip is equalto 1 as the rotor
speed is zero, so the induced emf in the rotor islarge.
As a result, a very high current flows through the rotor.
Thisis similar to a transformer with the secondary coil
short circuited,which causes the primary coil to draw a
high current from themains. Similarly, when an
induction motor starts, a very highcurrent is drawn by
the stator, on the order of 5 to 9 times the fullload
current. This high current can damage the motor
windingsand because it causes heavy line voltage
drop, other appliancesconnected to the same line may
be affected by the voltagefluctuation. To avoid such
effects, the starting current should belimited

it may observed that the rotor speed should

not reach the synchronous speed produced by
the stator. If the speeds equals, there would
be no such relative velocity, so no emf
induction in the rotor, & no current would be
flowing, and therefore no torque would be
generated. Consequently the rotor can not
reach at the synchronous speed. The
difference between the stator (synchronous
speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The
rotation of the magnetic field in an induction
motor has the advantage that no electrical
connections need to be made to the rotor.

The induction motor does not have any

directsupply onto the rotor; instead, a
secondarycurrent is induced in the rotor. To
achievethis, stator windings are arranged around
therotor so that when energised with a
polyphasesupply they create a rotating magnetic
fieldpattern which sweeps past the rotor
At the moment illustrated, the current in the
statorcoil is in the direction shown and increasing.
Theinduced voltage in the coil shown drives
current andresults in a clockwise torque. Note that
this simplified motor will turn once it isstarted in
motion, but has no starting torque.Various
techniques are used to produce someasymmetry
in the fields to give the motor a startingtorque.

In a DC machine, the stator winding is

excited by DCcurrent and hence the field
produced by thiswinding is time invariant
in nature. In this machine theconversion
of energy from electrical to mechanical
form orvice versa is possible by one of
the following ways:1.rotating the rotor in
the field produced by the stator2.feeding
external dc current through carbon
brushes tothe rotor

Electric motors convert electrical power to

mechanicalpower in its rotor (rotating
part).There are several ways to supply power
to the rotor.AC motor this power is induced in
the rotating device. An induction motor can
be called a rotatingtransformer because the
stator(stationary part) is essentially the
primary side of the transformer and the rotor
(rotating part) is the secondary side.Induction
motors are widely used, especially
polyphaseinduction motors, which are
frequently used in industrialdrives.

The relationship between the supply

frequency, f, thenumber of pole pairs, p,
and the synchronous speed, n,is given by
f = p*n.From this relationship:Speed of
rotating field (n) = f/P (revs.s-1)Speed of
rotor = n(1-S) (rev.s-1)where S is the
slip.Slip is calculated using:% slip = (n - r)
/ n * 100where r is the rotor speed. In
contrast, a synchronous motor always
runs at either a constant speed
N=(120f)/P or zero.